Hindlimb Imaging Quiz Developed by Sorcha Mc Caughley
Hindlimb Imaging Quiz Developed by: Sorcha Mc. Caughley & Mark Brims Approved by: Alison King & Maureen Bain Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
Hindlimb Imaging Quiz START! Developed by: Sorcha Mc. Caughley & Mark Brims Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
Dog Hindlimb Comparative Hindlimb • Choose a region: • Choose a species: – Pelvis Q 1 – Pelvis Q 2 – Stifle Q 3 – Stifle Q 4 – Tarsus Q 5 – Foot Q 6 – Cat – Horse 2 – Ruminant – Pig
• (i) What is A? Dog Pelvis Q 1 Canine – Ischium – Ilium – Acetabulum • (ii) What is B? A C D – Ischium – Ilium – Acetabulum • (iii) What is C? – Ischiatic Arch – Acetabulum – Pubis B • (iv) What is D? – Acetabulum – Obturator Foramen – Symphysis Pelvis
Correct Feline Iliac Crest Wing of Ileum • Yes! A is the Ilium! Body of Ileum • Here is another example. • Try (ii)! • Choose a new question. Canine Iliac Crest Wing of Ileum Body of Ileum
Incorrect Canine • No, A is not the Ischium. • The Ischium is labelled in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Ischiatic Tuberosity Ischium
Incorrect • No, A is not the Acetabulum. Canine • The Acetabulum is labelled in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Acetabulum & Head of Femur
Correct Canine • Yes! B is the Ischium! • Here is another example. • Try (iii)! • Choose a new question. Ischiatic Tuberosity Ischium
Incorrect Feline Iliac Crest Wing of Ilium • No, B is not the Ilium. Body of Ilium • The Ilium is labelled in these x-rays. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Canine Iliac Crest Wing of Ilium Body of Ilium
Incorrect • No, B is not the Acetabulum. Canine • The Acetabulum is shown in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Acetabulum & Head of Femur
Correct • Yes! C is the Acetabulum! Canine • Here is another example. • Try (iv)! • Choose a new question. Acetabulum & Head of Femur
Incorrect • No, C is not the Ischiatic Arch. Canine • The Ischiatic Arch is labelled in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Ischiatic Arch
Incorrect • No, C is not the Pubis. Canine • The Pubis is labelled in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Pubis
Correct • Yes! D is the Obturator Foramen! Canine • Here is another example. • What nerve passes through the obturator foramen and what is its function? • Answer • Try Dog Pelvis Q 2! • Choose a new question. Obturator Foramen
Answer • The obturator nerve passes through the obturator foramen. • It supplies the adductor muscles of the hindlimb. Go Back!
Incorrect • No, D is not the Acetabulum. Canine • The Acetabulum is labelled in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Acetabulum & Head of Femur
Incorrect • No, D is not the Symphysis Pelvis. Canine • The Symphysis Pelvis is labelled in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Symphysis Pelvis - unfused
Dog Pelvis Q 2 • (i) What is A? Canine – Humerus – Femur – Tibia • (ii) What is B? B – Head of Femur – Greater Trochanter – Greater Tubercle C A • (iii) What is C? – Greater Tubercle – Head of Femur – Greater Trochanter
Correct • Yes! A is the Femur! Canine • Here is another example. • Try (ii)! • Choose a new question. Femur
Incorrect • No, A is not the Humerus. • Remember: the Humerus is in the Forelimb! • Try again! • Choose a new question. Canine Scapula Humerus
Incorrect • No, A is not the Tibia. • Remember: the Tibia is located between the stifle and tarsal joints in the region known as the crus. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Canine Femur Fibula Tibia This dog has some Osteoarthritis
Correct • Yes! B is the Head of the Femur! • Here is another example. • Try (iii)! • Choose a new question. Canine Head of Femur
Incorrect • No, B is not the Greater Trochanter. • This x-ray shows the Greater Trochanter. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Canine Greater Trochanter
Incorrect Canine • No, B is not the Greater Tubercle • The Greater Tubercle is shown in these x-rays. – Remember: it is found on the Humerus, in the Forelimb! • Try again! • Choose a new question. Greater Tubercle Canine
Correct • Yes! C is the Greater Trochanter! • Here is another example. • Try Dog Stifle Q 3! • Choose a new question. Canine Greater Trochanter
Incorrect Canine • No, C is not the Greater Tubercle. • The Greater Tubercle is shown in these x-rays. – Remember: it is found on the Humerus, in the Forelimb! • Try again! • Choose a new question. Greater Tubercle Canine
Incorrect • No, C is not the Head of the Femur. • The Head of the Femur is shown in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Canine Head of Femur
Dog Stifle Q 3 • (i) What is A? – Head of the Femur – Condyle of the Femur – Trochlear Ridge • (ii) What is B? D A – Fibula – Radius – Tibia • (iii) What is C? C B – Fibula – Ulna – Tibia • (iv) What is D? – Trochlear Ridge – Tibial Tuberosity – Tibial condyle
Correct • Yes! A is the Condyle of the Femur! • Here is another example. • Try (ii)! • Choose a new question. Condyles of Femur
Incorrect • No, A is not the Head of the Femur. • The Head of the Femur is located at the Proximal end of the Femur. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Head of Femur
Incorrect • No, A is not the Trochlear Ridge of the Femur. • The Trochlear Ridge of the Femur is located on the Cranial aspect of the Femur. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Trochlear ridge of femur
Correct • Yes! B is the Fibula! • Here is another example. – Remember: the Fibula is the smaller of the two bones distal to the stifle. It is non- weight bearing • Try (iii)! • Choose a new question. Fibula
Incorrect • No, B is not the Radius. • Remember: the Radius is found in the Forelimb! • Try again! • Choose a new question. Radius
Incorrect • No, B is not the Tibia. • Remember: the Tibia is the larger of the two bones distal to the stifle! It is weight bearing • Try again! • Choose a new question. Tibia
Correct • Yes! C is the Tibia! • Here is another example. – Remember: the Tibia is the larger of the two bones distal to the stifle! It is weight bearing • Try (iv)! • Choose a new question. Tibia
Incorrect • No, C is not the Fibula. • Remember: the Fibula is the smaller of the two bones distal to the stifle. It is non- weight bearing • Try again! • Choose a new question. Fibula
Incorrect • No, C is not the Ulna. • Remember: the Ulna is found in the Forelimb! Ulna • Try again! • Choose a new question.
Correct • Yes! D is the Tibial Tuberosity! • Here is another example. Tibial Tuberosity • Try Dog Stifle Q 4! • Choose a new question.
Incorrect • No, D is not the Trochlear Ridge. • The Trochlear Ridge is shown in this x-ray. – Remember: it is on the femur • Try again! • Choose a new question. Trochlear Ridge
Incorrect Tibial • No, D is not the Tibial Condyle. • The Tibial condyles are shown in this x-ray. – Remember: there are 2 of them and they form part of the stifle joint • Try again! • Choose a new question. condyle Tibial condyle
Dog Stifle Q 4 • (i) What is A? A – Popliteal sesamoid – Fabella – Patella • (ii) What is B? B – Popliteal sesamoids – Fabellae – Patella • (iii) Do you know what the shock absorbing structures found in the stifle are called? – Answer.
Correct • Yes! A is the Patella! • Here is another example. • Try (ii)! • Choose a new question. Patella
Incorrect • No, A is not the Popliteal Sesamoid. • The Popliteal Sesamoid is shown here – Remember: it is located in the Popliteus Muscle. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Popliteal sesamoid
Incorrect • No, A is not a Fabella. • The Fabellae are shown here. • Remember: these are located in the tendons of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle • Try again! • Choose a new question. Fabellae
Correct • Yes! B are the Fabellae! • Here is another example. – Remember: these are located in the tendons of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle • Try (iii)! • Choose a new question. Fabellae
Incorrect • No, B is not the Popliteal Sesamoid. • The Popliteal Sesamoid is shown here – Remember: it is located in the Popliteus Muscle. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Popliteal
Incorrect • No, B is not the Patella. • The Patella is found on the Cranial aspect of the Stifle. – Remember: it is associated with the quadriceps muscle • Try again! • Choose a new question. Patella
Answer • The shock absorbing structures inside the stifle joint are the Menisci (*). • Did you know: a common causes of hindlimb lameness in dogs is Cranial Cruciate Ligament (+) Rupture. • This often also causes the Menisci to tear although this may go unnoticed. • Try Dog Tarsus Q 5! • Choose a new question. * + *
Dog Tarsus Q 5 • (i) What is A? – Talus – Calcaneus A • (ii) What is B? B C – Talus – Central tarsal bone – Fourth tarsal bone • (iii) What is C? – Third tarsal bone – Central tarsal bone – Fourth tarsal bone
Correct • Yes! A is Calcaneus! • Here is another example. – Remember: the common calcanean tendon inserts onto this bone • Try (ii)! • Choose a new question. Calcaneus
Incorrect • No, A is not Talus. • The Talus is shown in this x-ray. – Remember: it articulates with the tibia to form the high motion component of the hock joint • Try again! • Choose a new question. Talus
Correct • Yes! B is the Central Tarsal Bone! • Here is another example. • Try (iii)! • Choose a new question. Central
Incorrect • No, B is not Talus. • The Talus is shown in this x-ray. — Remember: it articulates with the tibia to form the high motion component of the hock joint • Try again! • Choose a new region. Talus
Incorrect • No, B is not the Fourth Tarsal Bone. • The Fourth Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray. – Remember: it spans the middle and distal rows of tarsal bones • Try again! • Choose a new question. Fourth
Correct • Yes! C is the Fourth Tarsal Bone! • Here is another example. • Try Dog Foot Q 6! • Choose a new region. Fourth
Incorrect • No, C is not the Third Tarsal Bone. • The Third Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Third
Incorrect • No, C is not the Central Tarsal Bone. • The Central Tarsal Bone is shown in this x-ray. Central • Try again! • Choose a new question.
Dog Foot Q 6 • (i) What is A? – Proximal Phalanx – Middle Phalanx – Distal Phalanx B • (ii) What is B? C A – 3 rd Metacarpal Bone – 3 rd Metatarsal Bone • (iii) What is C? – Ungual Process – Proximal Sesamoids – Digital pad
Correct • Yes! A is the Proximal Phalanx! • Here are others examples. • Try (ii)! • Choose a new question. Proximal Phalanx
Incorrect • No, B is not the Middle Phalanx. • The Middle Phalanx is shown in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Middle Phalanx
Incorrect • No, A is not the Distal Phalanx. • The Distal Phalanx is shown in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Distal Phalanx
Correct • Yes! B is the 3 rd Metatarsal Bone! • Here is another example. • Try (iii)! • Choose a new question. 3 rd Metatarsal
Incorrect • No, B is not the 3 rd Metacarpal Bone. • Remember: Carpal refers to the Carpus which is found in the Forelimb! • Try again! • Choose a new question. 3 rd Metacarpal
Correct • Yes! C is the Proximal Sesamoids! • Here is another example. – Remember: these are located on the plantar aspect of the metatarsophalangeal joint • Look at the Comparative Section! • Choose a new question. Proximal Sesamoids
Incorrect • No, C is not the Ungual Process. • The Ungual Process is shown in this x-ray. – Remember: its function is to support the structure of the claw • Try again! • Choose a new question. Ungual Process
Incorrect • No, C is not the Digital Pad. • Digital pads are shown in this x-ray. • Try again! • Choose a new question. Digital pads
Cat Hindlimb - Differences The Patella, in the cat, is more pointed than in the dog. 2 3 4 1 The cat’s pelvis is more boxshaped than the dog’s. Horse Comparative! 1. Patella – always present 2. Medial fabella – small/may be absent 3. Lateral fabella - usually present 4. Popliteal sesamoid – may be absent
Horse Hindlimb - Differences Ca Ta Ce 4 th 3 rd Splint bone The 3 rd Metatarsal bears weight. The 1 st and 2 nd Tarsal bones are fused. The rest are present. Horse Comparative 2! The 2 nd and 4 th Metatarsal are non-weightbearing and fused to the 3 rd Metatarsal bone - they are known as ‘splint bones’.
Horse Hindlimb - Differences 2 Proximal sesamoids Distal Sesamoid or ‘Navicular’ Ruminant Comparative!
Ruminant Hindlimb - Differences Cow: Medial Trochlear Ridge larger than lateral. Pig Comparative! Central and 4 th Tarsal bones are fused. 2 nd and 3 rd Tarsal bones are fused 3 rd and 4 th Metatarsal bones are fused. 3 rd and 4 th digits are weight-bearing.
Pig Hindlimb - Differences All tarsal bones present. 3 rd and 4 th Metatarsal are not fused. 3 rd and 4 th digits are weight-bearing. 2 nd and 5 th metatarsals present but non-weight bearing. 2 nd and 5 th digits non-weight bearing - do not touch the ground! Back to the Start!
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