Hindi Language By Savina Singh WLC212 S History

Hindi Language By: Savina Singh WLC-212 S

History S Hindi developed in 8 th-10 th Centuries from Khari Boli S Switched to Urdu because of Muslim invaders S Indigenous population borrowed from Sanskrit S Sanskrit is the major source of Hindi S Devanagari Script – land of gods

Regions – Hindi as Official Language S Approximately 298 million speakers

Different Dialects S Braj Bhasha – Religious scriptures S Oldest dialect – Khari Boli S Haryanvi – State of Haryana S Dehati – Lower caste, Low-income speakers S Bundeli, Awadh, Chattisgarhi, Bagheli, and Kannauji

Alphabet systems and Orthographic Conventions

Orthography Cont. ….

Hindi Phonology S Velar S K: � /kə/ S k; English: scald S � /kʰə/ S kh; English called S �/gə/ S g; English: game S �/gʱə/ S gh; Aspirated/murmured /g/ S �/ŋə/ S n; English: ring Palatal �/cɕə / or / tʃə/ ch; English butcher � /cɕʰə / or /tʃʰə/ chh; English: chat � /ɟʝə / or / dʒə/ j; English: jam � /ɟʝʱə / or / dʒʱə/ jh; Aspirated/murmured /ɟʝ/

Hindi Phonology Cont. … S Retroflex S �/ʈə/ S t; like "t" but with the tongue tip curled back S �/ʈʰə/ S th; Aspirated /ʈ/ S �/ɖə/ S d; like "d" but with the tongue tip curled back S �/ɖʱə/ S dh; Aspirated/murmured /ɖ/ S � /ɳə/ S n; like "n" but with the tongue tip curled back

Phonology Cont. … S Apico-Dental S �/t ə/ S t; Spanish: tomate S �/t ʰə/ S th; Aspirated /t / S �/d ə/ S d; Spanish: donde S �/d ʱə/ S dh; Aspirated/murmured /d / S �/nə/ S n; English: name

Morphology S Gender Differences S Sg. S Dir. Obl. -ā -e -õ -o S Masc. Pl. +õ S Fem. -ī, -iyā +ẽ Past: e/ Present: en/ Future: enge Voc. +o -iyõ -iyo +õ +o

Unique Greeting and Idiom Unique Greeting Khoon Bhari § Maang § Unique Idiom

Pragmatics S Bus S Vehicle - Same as English S Argument - Keep Quiet S During meal – I don’t want anymore or I’m done S Are you done? S Sarcasm

Personal S Hindi is one of the oldest languages in the world, and enriched with culture and values. S Personal relevance: Part of my heritage, and necessary to communicate with family. S Computer Industry, and India’s growing economy.

References S Hindi Language Information. (n. d). Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http: //www. lingvozone. com/Hindi S Hindi Grammar Online. (n. d). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http: //www. hindigrammaronline. com S Hindustani Grammar. (n. d). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar S Rana. S, personal interview, May 1, 2015.