Highperformance onboard computer data handling and SDR platform

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Techno Week, 9 th July 2018, Barcelona, Spain D. Roma 1, 4 , J. Ramos-Castro 2, 4, J. Bosch 3, A. Camps 2, 4, A. Casas 1, 4, M. Carmona 3, 4, J. Colome 2, 4, L. Gesa 1, 4, J. M. Gomez 3, 4, J. Mauricio 3, 4, J. F. Muñoz 2, 4, J. Portell 3, 4, C. Sierra 1, 4 Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain 2 Grup de Recerca en Ciències i Tecnologies de l'Espai (CTE-CRAE-UPC), Barcelona, Spain 3 Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICC-UB), Barcelona, Spain 4 Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya IEEC 1

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Motivation Team expertise System overview On-Board Computer (OBC) On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) Software Defined Radio (SDR) Future use cases Conclusions Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 2

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Motivation Several ongoing projects and proposals require a space platform with high throughput processing capabilities, usable for different kinds of scientific payloads with different interfaces. Current commercial available solutions lack of: - High processing power - Difficulties to adapt to different payloads, requiring custom solution Overheads to all projects (effort to verify and integrate every time: “reinventing the wheel”) Our aim: General purpose high processing capable solution requiring minimal changes to adapt to different projects. Knowledge in-house reduce costs, shorten development time, precise control of manufacturing process. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 3

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Team expertise Joint effort of the different institutes collaborating inside IEEC: Group of experts from successfully accomplished space missions. Complementary backgrounds and expertise fields fully covering required knowledge for designing and implementing a high-performance platform for cubesats. The institutes collaborating inside the IEEC are: • Institute of Space Sciences, part of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC) • Centre de Recerca de l'Aeronàutica i de l'Espai, part of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (CRAE-UPC) • Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, part of the Universitat de Barcelona (ICC-UB) Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 4

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats IEEC-CSIC Team members developed a large expertise, more than a decade, in software programming for critical applications running in space hardware. Involved in design and implementation of Data Management Unit (DMU) for LISA Path. Finder mission, recently finished with huge success. Payload subsystems include: • Processing computer • Extremely precise diagnostic equipment • Sensors and actuators (in magnetics, temperatures and radiation) • Mission critical flight software, following ESA standards for development, test and validation (ECSS E-40 B and ECSS Q-80 B). Currently involved in definition phase for LISA, the Large Mission #3 of ESA. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 5

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats CTE-UPC Succesfully launched two cubesats already Working on three “ 3 Cat” (read as “cubecat”) series: 3 Cat-4: ESA Educational Program Fly your Satellite 3 Cat-5 A/B: FSSCAT Copernicus Masters Winner 3 Cat-1 3 Cat-3 (artists view): Flat Satellite 3 Cat-2 FM: 7 small P/Ls PYCARO: GNSS-R P/L: L 1+L 2, Multispectral imager Launch: PSLV, R&LHCP, multi-constellation Mission: in stand by H 2 2018 (TBC) Launch: LMD 2, August 2016 FSSCAT: Copernicus Masters winner 3 Cat-5/A: FMPL-2: GNSS-R + u. W radiometer 3 Cat-5/B: Hyperspectral imager Launch Vega SSMS, 2019 3 Cat-4: ESA Educational Program Fly your Satellite program FMPL-1: GNSS-R + u. W radiometer + AIS Launch: ISS, 2019 (TBC) Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 6

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats ICC-UB Expertise from different space mission contributions: Engineers participating in SO/PHI (Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager for Solar Orbiter). Successfully developed and implemented an Image Stabilization System based on a tracking camera. Large experience in space qualified hardware and firmware design. Engineers participating in the Gaia space astrometry mission. On-board: payload data handling and compression. On-ground: initial data treatment, massive data processing. Instrumental models and simulations. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 7

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats System Overview Hardware will be split in 3 boards: - Motherboard, with On-Board Computer (OBC) hardware. - Daughterboard, directly attached to motherboard, acting as On-Board Data Handling (OBDH). - Daughterboard, with Software Defined Radio (SDR). Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 8

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats System Overview First power-up in orbit: OBC. Acquire telemetry, communication with ground, monitor all subsystems, responsible to start power supply to OBDH and SDR. OBDH: Controlling and processing payload data SDR: Communications and navigation All internal power supplies: Large set of protections (OVP, OCP, thermal, …), provide housekeeping (current, voltage, …), allow changing their voltage value and sequencing. Optional components and external connectors on the motherboard, installation will depend on specific project needs. Daughterboards will be always the same. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 9

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats System Overview - Radiation Platform not advanced enough (yet) to make in-depth studies about its radiation tolerance, but modern COTS have some advantages: - Lower voltage level: more difficult to suffer of latch-up. If it’s low enough, device can even be considered immune. - Lower gate size: may allow withstanding higher TID. - Increased processing capabilities and reduced consumption. Just general rules! All components need testing to the mission requirements level. But in general, in LEO missions: only SEU and SEL are an issue. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 10

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats On-Board Computer (OBC) Main hardware elements of OBC: - STM 32 F 446 RE microcontroller, based on ARM® Cortex®-M 4 32 -bit RISC up to 180 MHz, with DSP and FPU and 512 Kbytes Flash. - MCU provides I 2 C, SPI, USART and CAN interface. - Inertial Motion Unit (IMU) from Bosch, with 9 degrees of freedom (accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer). - Ultra-low power RF transceiver from On Semi, at 434 MHz ISM band, allowing simultaneous reception + transmission. Microcontroller runs a Real Time Operating System (RTOS) based on Free. RTOS. Software inherits subset of Lisa Pathfinder software services and methodologies, allowing with this a direct ESA standards adoption. Software architecture implemented: enables to build the same application for several hardware platforms and operating systems. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 11

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Software Defined Radio (SDR) Based on AD 9361. - 6 receiver inputs, 2 simultaneous. - 4 transmitter outputs, 2 simultaneous. - Fully configurable through SPI interfaces. - 12 LVDS RX/TX data lines with up to 240 MHz clock. - RX/TX channels optimized for usage in: - 434 MHz ISM band - 2. 45 GHz ISM band - Wide range: 70 MHz – 6 GHz Papers about radiation effects on the device: - No SEL up to an LET of 52 Me. Vcm 2/mg - SEE without permanent damage, solved with power cycling and reconfiguring Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 12

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) Based on Zynq Ultrascale+ XCZU 4 CG-2 LE-I (low power, industrial temperature range). - 2 ARM Cortex-A 53 up to 1. 5 GHz for computing - 2 ARM Cortex-R 5 up to 600 MHz for Real-Time. - 1 GB of DDR 4 -2400 with EDAC. External PS interfaces: I 2 C, SPI, CAN, RS-485, UART Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 13

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) I/O pins allow implementing any required custom interface at the PL. High number of Programable Logic resources: Resource XCZU 4 CG XCZU 5 CG Z 7030 Virtex-5 QV System Logic Cells (K) 192 256 125 131 Memory (Mb) 18. 5 23. 1 9. 3 10 DSP Slices 728 1248 400 320 Nominal VCCINT (V) 0. 72 1. 00 Although leakage current in these devices is higher, dynamic power consumption is significantly lower for the same frequency-resource usage. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 15

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Xilinx Ultrascale+ Single Event Latch-up Large interest from NASA and the space community in general regarding radiation tolerance of this devices, much work still on-going. Single Event Latch-up is less likely to occur with lower core voltage (less than 0. 7 V can be considered immune [1]). We expect Xilinx Ultrascale+ low power So. C, with a 0. 72 V core voltage, will be very immune. [2] reports for Zynq Ultra. Scale+ MPSo. C XCZU 9 EG: with LET of ~10 Me. V/cm 2/mg no SEL was observed. NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) has ongoing test. Preliminary tests didn’t report any latch-up. All the different power supplies are independently controlled and have over-current protection in case of such an event the device will be shutdown. [1] Sinclair, D. , & Dyer, J. (2013). Radiation effects and COTS parts in Small. Sats. [2] D. M. Hiemstra, V. Kirischian and J. Brelski, "Single Event Upset Characterization of the Zynq Ultra. Scale+ MPSo. C Using Proton Irradiation, " 2017 IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop (REDW), New Orleans, LA, 2017, pp. 1 -4. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 16

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Xilinx Ultrascale+ Single Event Upset Single events upset (SEU) may happen in this device. Configuration stored in SRAM it may affect the configuration (SEFI). Xilinx reports that with 20 nm fin. FETs and some layout improvements, incidence should be lower than for other devices (smaller cross-section with same Qcrit). WP 462, “Ultra. Scale Devices Maximize Design Integrity with Industry-Leading SEU Resilience and Mitigation”, 2015 Xilinx Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 17

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Xilinx Ultrascale+ Single Event Upset To correct this kind of errors, Xilinx Ultrascale+ includes: -Enhanced ECC embedded in each configuration frame, enabling up to 8 -bit error detection and 4 -bit error correction per frame. -Plus, 32 -bit CRC calculated for the entire device configuration RAM, reliably detecting up to 31 randomized bit errors. Execution-related SEU effects: Soft Error Mitigation (SEM) IP freely available to customers Enhanced correction capabilities, essential bits monitoring and fault injection for validation. User may use other techniques, like Triple Module Redundancy (TMR), to further enhance the SEU protection. Xilinx also provides a tool, SEU FIT rate calculator, to get an estimation of the impact on our system of SEU. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 18

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Future use cases - Image processing (study about adding a commercial camera on-going) - EMI scanner to detect spoofing (ESA safety application) - GNSS signal processing, both for navigation and science (i. e. ionosphere monitoring, radio occultation) -> (late) solar flares detection - Any mission which requires fully autonomous massive data processing. Afterwards, only end-results, which require lower data rate, are downloaded. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 20

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Conclusions New platform • unprecedent performance capabilities • keeping power consumption in the range of typ. 3 U cubesat missions Extremely modular solution • allows adoption for different missions • keeping number of required changes low • SDR + high number of programmable logic resources allow implementing all changes in software, keeping hardware heritage intact. Lot of work still pending, specially on radiation validation • but: test campaigns by other agencies and institutes make us confident that we may be on the safe side at least for LEO missions. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 21

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Thanks for you attention! Questions? This work has been funded by the Agència de Gesió d’Ajusts Universitaris i de Recerca of the Generalitat de Catalunya through project 2016 PROD 00076, including a percentage from European FEDER funds. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 22

High-performance on-board computer, data handling and SDR platform for cubesats Radiation annual dose Source: E. J. Daly, A. Hilgers, G. Drolshagen, and H. D. R. Evans, "Space Environment Analysis: Experience and Trends, " ESA 1996 Symposium on Environment Modelling for Space-based Applications, Sept. 18 -20, 1996, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya 23 Netherlands