Higher Order PCM HIGHER ORDER PCM SYSTEMS CONCEPTS

Higher Order PCM

HIGHER ORDER PCM SYSTEMS • • • CONCEPTS BIT INTERLEAVING BYTE INTERLEAVING PDH HEIRACHY PDH CONCEPTS THE DISADVANTAGE OF PDH

Pleslouronus Digital Multiplexing 2/8 First Order or primary Second Order order 488 117 8/34 Third Order 25 34/140 Fourth Order 7 140/620 Fifth Order 1. 7

SYNCRONASE DIGITAL HEIRHACHICAL SYSTEMS • SDH CONCEPTS • HOW CONTAINERS AND VIRTUAL CONTAINERS ARE FORMED • PATH OVERHEAD AND POINTERS • ADVANTAGE OF SDH • HIGHER ORDER SDH SYSTEMS

BASIC CONTAINERS C 12, C 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC CONTAINERS

C 4 CONTAINER

BASIC COMPARISION OF PDH & SDH

HOW PACKING THE CONTAINERS ACHIEVED

BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE STM 1

BASIC SDH MAPPING

Technological Evolution (Fill the blanks) Multiplex Level STM 1 STM 4 STM 16 STM 64 STM 256 Speed Period of the Pulse No: of voice channels

Technological Evolution at a glance Multiplex Level Speed Period of the Pulse No: of voice channels STM 1 155. 52 Mbps 1890 STM 4 622. 08 Mbps 6. 4 ns 1. 6 ns STM 16 2. 5 Gbps 400 ps 30240 STM 64 10 Gbps 100 ps 120960 STM 256 40 Gbps 25 ps 483840 7560

HIGH RELIABILITY NETWORKS

Optical Fibre • An optical fibre consists of two parts the core and the cladding • The core is a narrow cylindrical strand of glass and the cladding is a tubular jacket surrounding it • The core has a (slightly) higher refractive index than the cladding Therefore, total Reflection of light ncore > ncladding