Higher Human Biology Unit 2 The continuation of
Higher Human Biology Unit 2: The continuation of life Reproduction revision! 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 1
Lesson Aims: • To revise the structure and function of the male reproductive system. • To revise the structure and function of the female reproductive system. Fertilisation video clip 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 2
Reproduction Revision • All living things reproduce and produce offspring similar to themselves. • If they did not then eventually the species would become extinct.
Sex cells – sperm In males, the sex cells are called sperm. tail middle piece cell membrane head nucleus containing DNA Sperm are produced in sex organs called testes.
Sex cells – egg In females, the sex cells are called eggs. nucleus containing DNA cytoplasm membrane jelly coat Eggs are produced in sex organs called ovaries.
Sexual Reproduction • This is when 2 types of sex cells or gametes are produced which then joins together at fertilisation to produce the new individual. • In animals the gametes are egg and sperm. An egg is so big that this is how big a sperm looks next to it. The egg is much larger because it has a food supply.
fertilisation Zygote - Sperm enters the egg. The sperm nucleus fuses with egg nucleus to create a single cell.
Fertilisation http: //www. youtube. com/wa tch? v=vy. Wu. Mo 3 bz. RU&feat ure=relmfu
After fertilisation…. 1 cell – fertilised egg
Cell division 2 Cells
4 cells…
8 cells…leading to a ball of cells
Revision. The female reproductive system
Revision: The male reproductive system
Male or female?
Roles of the reproductive system
Fertilisation and implantation
The placenta How does an embryo receive food and oxygen and how does it get rid of waste? An embryo forms a structure called the placenta, which attaches to the uterus wall. umbilical The umbilical cord joins cord the fetus to the placenta. In the placenta, food and oxygen diffuse from the mother’s blood into the blood of the foetus. Carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from the blood of the foetus into the mother’s blood.
How does the placenta work?
Placenta Maternal and foetal blood separated by a thin barrier
Summary: Role of the Placenta 1. Nourishment • Food from the mother 2. Gaseous exchange • • Oxygen from mother Carbon Dioxide from embryo to mother 3. Excretion • Waste materials from embryo to mother
Higher Human Biology Unit 2: The continuation of life Chapter 15: Sex organs and hormonal control! 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 23
What you need to know: The arrangements Reproduction Fertility and its control: i Structure and function of reproductive organs. Structure of testes and ovaries and their function. The contribution to fertilisation of the secretions of the prostate gland the seminal vesicles. ii Hormonal control. The influence of the pituitary hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) on the testes and the ovaries. The influence of testosterone on the testes. The influence of the ovarian hormones, oestrogen and progesterone, on the uterus and the pituitary. Changes during the menstrual cycle and control of these changes through interaction of hormones. Continuous fertility in the male compared with cyclical fertility in the female. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 24
The words you need to know: boys and girls! 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 25
The boy words you need to know! 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 26
The girl words you need to know! 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 27
Lesson Aims: • Expand on the structure and function of the male reproductive system • To learn about sperm production and hormonal control • Expand on the structure and function of the female reproductive system • To learn about egg production and hormonal control Fertilisation video clip 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 28
Learning Intentions Understanding The Continuation of Life Success Criteria 1. Describe the structure & function of the testes 2. Explain the contribution to fertilisation of the secretions of the prostate gland the seminal vesicle
Male Reproductive System Made up of testicles, duct system, accessory glands and penis. Functions: • produce hormones • produce sperm • store sperm • deposits sperm inside vagina during sexual intercourse 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 30
FYI - sperm • The average man produces roughly 525 billion sperm cells over his lifetime and releases, in one way or another, more than one billion of them per month and anywhere from 40 million to 1. 2 billion in a single ejaculation. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 31
Sperm (spermatozoa) production • Testosterone produced in interstitial cells stimulates sperm production. Testosterone passes directly into the bloodstream. • Sperm formed by meiosis in seminiferous tubules. • These tubules unite to form coiled tubes which connect to the SPERM DUCT. (Free swimming sperm leave the testes by this duct. Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and 32 6/13/2021 hormonal control
Sperm mother cell Spermatozoa Interstitial cell
Accessory Glands • Fertilisation is dependent on; – Motility of sperm which requires a fluid medium. – a source of energy • The semen released by the male during ejaculation contains sperm from the testes and fluid secretions from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 34
The Accessory Glands con’t Seminal vesicles: secrete viscous liquid containing: – Fructose: Provides energy source for motility following there release after male ejaculation. –Prostaglandins: (Hormone like compounds)Stimulate contraction in the female reproductive tract. These movements help the sperm reach the oviduct at a much faster rate than could be achieved by swimming alone. Prostate Gland: – Secretes a thin lubricating fluid containing enzymes which maintains the fluid medium at OPTIMUM VISCOSITY for sperm motility.
Where is your pituitary gland? – Hormonal Control. The Pituitary gland is located in the centre of the brain and produces many hormones Hormones are chemical messengers produced by an animal’s endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream. When a hormone reaches a certain target tissue, it brings about a specific effect.
Pituitary gland • Pituitary gland is a gland that produces many hormones. • Two of these are called GONADOTROPIC hormones because their target are the gonads (reproductive organs). 1. FSH –Follicle stimulating hormone. 2. In men - ICSH – Interstitial Cell Stimulating hormone. In women – LH – Luteinising hormone • These hormones are released at puberty. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 37
Influence of testosterone • Testosterone stimulates sperm production. • It also activates the prostrate gland seminal vesicles to produce their secretions. SELF REGULATION OF TESTESTORONE • As the concentration of testosterone builds-up in the bloodstream, it reaches a level where it INHIBITS the secretion of FSH and ICSH by the anterior pituitary. • This leads to a decrease in testesterone concentration, soon followed by a resumption of the activity by the anterior pituitary. • This makes gonadotropic hormone again and the cycle starts again. Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and 38 6/13/2021 hormonal control
Influence of pituitary Hormonal on testes – negative feedback! This type of self-regulating mechanism is called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL. ICSH stimulates interstitial cells to produce male sex hormone TESTOSTERONE 6/13/2021 FSH in the bloodstream promotes sperm production in the seminiferous tubules. ICSH Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 39
Learning Intentions Understanding The Continuation of Life Success Criteria 1. Describe the structure & function of the ovaries 2. Explain the influence of pituitary hormones on the ovaries. 3. Explain the influence of ovarian hormones on the uterus and pituitary gland
Female Reproductive System Made up of uterus, oviducts, ovaries and vagina. Functions: • produces ova (eggs). • Receives sperm from penis. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 41
FYI - Eggs • Evidence suggests that eggs are formed in foetal life. About 400, 000 immature eggs reside in each ovary at puberty. The menstrual cycle, as a biologic event, allows for ovulation of one egg typically each month. Thus over her lifetime a woman will ovulate approximately 400 to 450 times. All the other eggs dissolve. • As a woman's total egg supply is formed in foetal life, to be ovulated decades later, it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems, breakage, and mutation than the chromatin of sperm, which are produced continuously during a man's reproductive life. This possibility is supported by the observation that foetuses and infants of older mothers have higher rates of chromosome abnormalities than those of older fathers. Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 42
The Female reproductive system continued. The role of the female in reproduction is not only to produce gametes but also…. • Houses and provides nutrients (food and oxygen) to the developing zygote (fertilized egg) and later the embryo and foetus. • Remove its waste products. • Gives birth to the offspring. – After delivering into the world, provide it with continued supply of food for a period of time.
The Ovaries • The ovaries are the site of ova production by meiosis • Ova are contained in a developing Graafian follicle • The Graafian follicle secretes the hormone oestrogen • After ovulation, the Graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum which secrete progesterone
Corpus Luteum SEE SCHOLAR – Maturation of ova simulation http: //courses. scholar. hw. ac. uk/vle/scholar/session. controller? action=view. Content&content. GUID=f 65 bd 0 a 33 b 06 -6409 -554 b-934 e 6 eb 2195 a Graafian follicle developing OVARY egg Immature Graafian follicle
Graafian Follicle Graafian follicle follicular liquid ovum 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 46
Pituitary Hormones & the Ovaries • F. S. H (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) – Stimulates the development of eggs (inside the structures called follicles) and the development and maturation of Graafian Follicle – Stimulates ovary to produce the hormone oestrogen • L. H (Lutenising Hormone) – Triggers ovulation – Brings about the development of the corpus luteum from the follicle – Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone • Gonadotrophic hormones (FSH/LH) and ovarian hormones (Oestrogen/Progesterone) interact to control the female menstrual cycle.
Effect of Ovarian Hormones on the Uterus &Pituitary Gland • Gonadotrophic hormones (FSH/LH) and ovarian hormones (Oestrogen/Progesterone) interact to control the female menstrual cycle. • During puberty the anterior pituitary gland begins to secrete FSH & LH. These hormones are transported to the ovaries in the blood • Oestrogen and Progesterone are called the ovarian hormones since they are produced by the ovary. – Oestrogen • stimulates proliferation (cell division) of the lining of the uterus - the endometrium. And it is responsible for the repair after menstruation. • stimulates secretion of LH by the anterior pituitary gland – Progesterone • Promotes the thickening of the endometrium • Promotes vasularisation (many blood vessels), to create a spongy layer(of the endometrium) • Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland
Continual Fertility vrs Cyclical Fertility Continual Fertility in Males • high level of testosterone has a negative feedback effect on the secretion of FSH and ICSH by the pituitary gland • relatively constant levels of testosterone, FSH and ICSH Cyclic Fertility in Females fluctuating levels of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone only fertile for a few days before and after ovulation 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 49
TASK – Complete card sorts • Also on SCHOLAR – Table 1. 1 - Effects of pituitary hormones http: //courses. scholar. hw. ac. uk/vle/scholar/session. controller? action=vie w. Content&content. GUID=713 b 3 f 30 -e 1 fb-1 b 8 c-e 143 -c 13651 f 07 dad – Table 1. 2 - Effects of ovarian hormones http: //courses. scholar. hw. ac. uk/vle/scholar/session. controller? act ion=view. Content&content. GUID=1 f 1334 fa-2 e 17 -b 3 fe-c 450 fec 3 e 51 ea 083 – Once complete copy into notes or jotters
Task: TYK -Torrance pg 113 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith: Ch 13: Mutations an Chromosomal Abnormalities 51
Learning Intentions Success Criteria • State that the changes which takes place during the menstrual cycle are controlled by the interaction of hormones • Give a detailed account of the changes which occur during the menstrual cycle Understanding The Continuation of Life
Menstrual cycle – intro. • The ovarian hormones oestrogen and progesterone, and the pituitary hormones FSH and LH interact with each other to coordinate the menstrual cycle. • The menstrual cycle is a repeating series of changes in the levels of the above hormones which is accompanied by changes in the development of the Graafian follicle and the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). • The average length of a cycle is 28 days, although it can vary greatly from one individual to another. • The first day of menstruation, that is the start of the monthly 'period', is usually regarded as day 1 of the cycle.
Menstrual cycle- Hormonal Control (a) changes in levels of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH; (b) development of the Graafian follicle; (c) changes in the levels of the ovarian hormones oestrogen and progesterone (d) changes in the thickness of the endometrium.
The menstrual cycle can be divided into two parts: – Follicular Phase • First half - from day 1 (the start of menstruation) to about day 14 (when ovulation occurs) – Luteal Phase • Second Half - from day 14 to day 28, when menstruation begins again.
Menstrual cycle - Follicular Phase • FSH from the pituitary gland – stimulates the development and maturation of the Graafian follicle – produces oestrogen by the ovary; • As the concentration of oestrogen increases: – stimulates the repair of the endometrium after menstruation – stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH; • Concentrations of LH gradually increase until there is a sharp increase around day 12 or 13. • This peak of LH concentration causes ovulation (the release of an ovum) around day 14 in the cycle
Menstrual cycle - Luteal Phase • LH causes: – the Graafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum – stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone; • Increasing progesterone levels promote…. . – the thickening and vascularisation (build up of blood vessels) of the endometrium, in preparation for the implantation of a fertilised ovum; – high levels of progesterone inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland; • As the levels of LH decrease the corpus luteum begins to degenerate (around day 22). • This causes the levels of progesterone to decrease until by around day 28 of the cycle the endometrium can no longer be maintained. • endometrium breaks down and is passed out of the body (menstruation). • The decrease in progesterone levels removes its inhibitory effect on the pituitary gland, which begins to secrete more FSH again. • As the levels of FSH rise the cycle begins again.
Online Quiz • See SCHOLAR – Stages in the menstrual cycle – http: //courses. scholar. hw. ac. uk/vle/scholar/se ssion. controller? action=view. Content&back=to pic&content. GUID=650 c 9519 -54 da-d 59 d-6 bca -011 fdcf 01 cf 2
Menstrual cycle – Changes • Two other changes which take place during the menstrual cycle are changes to the 1. cervix 2. body temperature.
Menstrual cycle – Changes to the Cervix Ø The changes which occur to the cervix play a role in fertility. Ø The cells of the cervix secrete mucus. Ø High levels of oestrogen stimulate these cells to produce a thin and watery mucus and cervix becomes slippery and stretchy which is easily penetrated by sperm. Ø Since the highest levels of oestrogen occur just before ovulation, the production of thin mucus at this time increases the chances of fertilisation. Ø High levels of progesterone, on the other hand, cause the mucus secreted by the cervical cells to become thicker and, if pregnancy occurs, change into a semi-solid 'plug', which helps to protect the developing embryo against infection.
Diagram of changes to the cervix during menstrual cycle. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 61
Menstrual cycle – Changes to the Cervix Ø The thin and watery mucus of the cervix not only make it easier for sperm to swim. Ø It also helps the sperm to point in the correct direction ready for their passage through the reproductive tract which stops this happening. Ø This is further assisted by muscular contractions of the uterus and oviduct caused by prostaglandins present in seminal fluid
Menstrual cycle – Changes to Body Temperature – A woman's body temperature rises by as much as 0. 5°C at ovulation. – These changes in body temperature and the viscosity of cervical mucus can be used as indicators of ovulation and forms the basis of the rhythm method of birth control (see later).
Menstrual cycle – Changes after fertilisation • The menstrual cycle normally occurs regularly unless fertilisation and pregnancy occur. If fertilisation occurs the fertilised egg secretes a hormone called HGC (human chorionic gonadotrophin) which has the same effect as LH. • When this happens the corpus luteum does not degenerate and continues to secrete progesterone. • Since progesterone levels remain high, the endometrium is maintained (No menstruation). • The embryo implants into the endometrium and continues to develop. • Also FSH secretion continues to be inhibited and ovulation is prevented.
Pregnancy test • It is the presence of HCG – Human chorionic gonadotrophin is the basis of the pregnancy test. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 65
Menstrual cycle – Summary SH stimulates development of egg and production of Oestrogen estorgen stimulates repair of uterus and causes sudden flood of LH H causes ovulation and development of Corpus Luteum rogesterone from Corpus Luteum maintains the uterus in readiness for embryo and inhibits production of FSH & LH (negative feedback)
Continuous versus cyclical fertility • MEN: The negative feedback effect of testosterone maintains a relatively constant level of FSH and ICSH in the bloodstream of men. This results in a fairly steady quantity of testosterone being secreted and sperm being produced. Men are therefore continuously fertile. • WOMEN: have cyclical fertility. The balance of gonadotrophic and ovarian hormones results in the period of fertility being restricted to 3 -4 days immediately following ovulation. 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith Ch 15 Sex organs and hormonal control 67
Task: Torrance pg 115 Qu’s 1 -2 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith: Ch 13: Mutations an Chromosomal Abnormalities 68
Essay Questions: SQA 2003 1. Describe the influence of hormone on the testes. (10) 2. Describe the events that take place in the first half of the menstrual cycle. (10) 6/13/2021 Mrs Smith 69
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