Higher Education Research Strategies in Finland 2006 2016

Higher Education & Research Strategies in Finland 2006 - 2016 Séminaire TAIEX sur le développement de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche Alger 14 – 15 Novembre 2016 Reijo Aholainen Counsellor for Education, Mo. E

Finnish Higher Education & Research Strategies in Finland 2006 - 2016 1. Introduction 1. About Finland 2. Finnish Education 3. Strategy Documents 2. Higher Education Reforms 1. University Reform 2. Reform of Universities of Applied Sciences 3. Research and Innovation Reforms & Policies 1. Main Actors 2. Research Policy Reforms 3. Research and Innovation Council 4. Innovation Strategy 2

1. Introduction Finnish Higher Education & Research 3

1. 1. Suomi - Finland Finnish Higher Education & Research • History and culture influenced by location between east and west – Part of Sweden 600 years up to 1809 – Grand Duchy of Russia in 1809 -1917 – Independent since 1917 – EU member state since 1995 • Relatively sparsely populated – 338 000 km², 5, 5 mill. inhabitants • Two national languages, two churches – Finnish 88%, Swedish 5% – Lutheran 76%, Orthodox 1% • Competitive economy – BKT/capita € 38 162 in 2015 – Unemployment level 7, 2% in 08/2016 4

Finnish Higher Education & Research 1. 2. About Finnish Education • 99, 7% of pupils complete basic education by 16; Finnish youth on top in OECD PISA survey since 2000 • 86% of young adults complete upper secondary education by the age of 25 • 40% of young adults complete higher education by age of 30 • 53% adults take part in adult education annually; Finnish adults on top in OECD PIAAC s in 2012 5

Education Reforms Finnish Higher Education & Research 1970 ies • Comprehensive School Reform • Teacher Education Reform 1980 ies • Secondary VET Reform 1990 ies • Decentralisation of Governance • Polytechnics Reform 2000 • Vocational College Strategy • Total Reform of Adult Education • University Reform • Polytechnic Reform 6

1. 3. Strategy Documents Finnish Higher Education & Research • Government’s Education and Research Development Plans (Mo. EC) – Education and Research 2007 – 2011 – Education and Research 2011 - 2016 • Government Communication to the Parliament (MEE) – National Innovation strategy (2008) • Research and Innovation Policy Review 2015 - 2020 (RIC) 7

Finnish Higher Education & Research 2. Higher Education Reforms Alvar Aalto 8

Finnish Higher Education & Research 2. 1. Background of Reforms Background • Globalisation and its consequences in the economy and society • Demographic change: ageing population • Changes in working life: incidence of jobs and competences • Changes in society and children’s environment 9

Finnish Higher Education & Research Objectives of Reforms General Objectives • Increase top international expertise • Establish more effective higher education units • Improve competitiveness of the higher education system • High quality research to bolster innovation capacity of the economy 10

Finnish Higher Education & Research University Reform Targets • New University Act – – Financial Autonomy Professional Management Legal Status Mo. E Steering • Structural Development – Stronger HEIs • Quality and Quality Assurance – Qualification Reform – Enhancing basic and applied research – Internationalisation 11

Finnish Higher Education & Research 2. 2. New University Act (558/2009) • • • Mission Autonomy Legal Capacity Administration Financing and funds Steering Education and Research Evaluation Students Staff, employment relations 12

Finnish Higher Education & Research Main Changes brought by the University Reform v Universities became legal persons v. Corporations under public law or Foundations under Foundation Act v Universities gained larger autonomy and stronger financial status v Better connected with society and economy v. External board members v. Own capital v Universities became employers of their staff v Government budget funding complemented with donations and own 13

Finnish Higher Education & Research Public and Foundation Universities Public Universities (14) Foundation Universities (2) • Legal status: Corporations • Legal status: Foundations un de under Universities Act (2009). • Board: The highest executive body; 9 - 14 members: elected professors, other staff and students, plus externals (at least 40%) Universities Act (2009) and Foundations Act (1930). • Board: Decides the strategy, operations, finances and other farreaching plans; 7 members, appointed by the Multi-member body • University collegiate body • Multimember collegiate body Decides on curricula, degree requirement, admission criteria, general rules of teaching and research; Elects external Board members, confirms election of university groupings to board, confirms financial statement, etc. , 14

Finnish Higher Education & Research Structural Development In 2005 • 20 Universities; – 160 000 students enrolled – 20 600 doctoral students • 29 Polytechnics (UAS) – 133 000 students enrolled • 21 Research Institutes Internal and inter-university structural development: prioritising, profiling In 2015 • 14 Universities; – 168 000 students enrolled – 18 000 doctoral students; • 24 UAS (Polytechnics) – 148 000 students enrolled • 13 Research Institutes Structural development continues: pooling resources, agreements on division of labour 15

Finnish Higher Education & Research Construction of the Aalto University is a foundation university with 6 schools (Arts, desig and Architecture; Business; Chemical Technology; Business, Electrical Engineering; Science) and strong emphasis on entrepreneurship, start-ups, internationalisation and top quality (e. g. Design Factory, Start-up sauna). In total 20 000 students and 4 500 staff. Constructed by a merger of the University of Technology, the Schoo of Economics and the University of Art and Design. The purpose is to create an interdisciplinary top quality university to boost new innovation. 16

Finnish Higher Education & Research Steering and funding of Universities Steering instruments: • Legislation • Education Development Plan of the Government • Steering of the Ministry – – Performance agreements Negotiations and feedback Site visits Information steering • Budget steering – Financing criteria 17

Finnish Higher Education & Research Steering with Budget Formula Impact Quality Internationalisation 14% Master’s degrees awarded to foreigners 1% Master’s degrees Education 41% Bachelor’s degrees Study credits in open university 2% Students with at least 55 credits 12% Number of employed graduates Research 34% 6% Student mobility to and from Finland 2% 1% Ph. D degrees 9% Ph. D degrees awarded to foreigners 1% Scientific publications 13% International teaching and research staff 2% Competed research funding 9% Other policy issues 25% Strategic development 10% Field-specific funding 8% National responsibilities 7% 18

Finnish Higher Education & Research Qualifications and Quality Assurance • Degree reform 2005: three cycles of degrees in line with the Bologna process • Right to award degrees determined for each HEI in legislation / in operation licences • General objectives and the extent of degrees defined in legislation • HEIs are responsibility of their curricula External Evaluation • National Center of Education Evaluation Internal Quality Assurance and self-evaluation • University Act • Polytechnic Act • Basic Education Act • Vocational Adult Education Ac • Liberal Adult Education Act 19

Finnish Higher Education & Research 2. 3. Reform of Universities of Applied Sciences (Polytechnics) 2014 -2016 Objectives Means • Strengthen the Universities of • Applied Sciences to meet the challenges of the surrounding society • • Strengthen the strategic competence for profiling, focus area choices, leadership and decision • making • • Enhance the quality and effectiveness of teaching and RDI • • Strengthening their role in innovation • Ensure international competitiveness Universities of Applied Sciences (Polytechnics) as legal persons limited companies The responsibility for core funding entirely transferred from local authorities to the state New funding model New operating licences Updated educational responsibilities 20

Finnish Higher Education & Research 3. Research and Innovation Reforms & Policies A. I. Virtanen Martti Ahtisaari Bengt Holmström 21

Finnish Higher Education & Research 3. 1. Key Actors in Finnish STI Policy GOVERNMENT: Ministry of Mini Education Ministry of Employment and Economy Academy of Finland Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation TEKES Universities of Universities of Applied Sciences Applied Other Ministries Finnish Innovation Funds SITRA Research Institutes 22

Finnish Higher Education & Research 3. 2. Research Policy Reforms Research Policy Objectives • R&D financing target: 4% of G • Enhanced Doctoral Education • International cooperation, EU R Programs (FP 7, Horizon) • R&I infrastructures, ESFRI • Input in the innovation strategy • Open science, open data, open innovation • Strategic centres of STI (SHO and regional Centres of 23 Excellence

Finnish Higher Education & Research Doctor Education, Graduate Schools Development Plan 2007– 2011 Development Plan 2007– 20 • Increased cooperation in researcher training with foreign universities, research organisations and researcher training programmes • The Academy of Finland will take over the administration of graduate schools in 2010. • Increase the size of Graduate Schools, to reduce their number and to strengthen national networking • Target of 2 000 doctoral student places in graduate schools by 2012 • Target for doctorates 1 600/ye with the aim of business and industry employing more Ph. D • Universities take over the doctoral programmes, compili them primarily into one Gradua School • Academy of Finland takes car on financing Graduate Schoo • Focus on researcher careers (tenure tracks) • Evaluation after the planning period • 24

Finnish Higher Education & Research Funding of Research and Innovation GOVERNMENT: R&D Financing in 2015: € 2, 2, ´bn in the Government Budget Ministry of Mini Education Academy of Finland Universities U Ministry of Employment and Economy Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation (TEKES) Universities of Applied Sciences Other Ministries Finnish Innovation Fun (SITRA) Other Research Institutes 25

Funding of Research Finnish Higher Education & Research • Basic funding from Mo. EC – Part of Budget Formula – Professors’ legal duty for education and research • Competitive funding – Academy of Finland – Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation (TEKES) – EU (Horizon) and other international sources – Private donations 26

Finnish Higher Education & Research Funding Agencies Research funding from the Academy of Finland (230 million € in 2016) RDI funding from TEKES (231 million € in 2016) • Research Councils (4 sectors) • • Researcher posts and • researcher mobility • • Research programmes and projects, Centres of • Excellence, Development research, Strategic research • Research infrastructures, • Fi. Di. Pro, Universities’ research profiling, SHOKs Start-ups (under 5 years) SMEs boosting export Large companies seeking renewal Research organisations to commercialise research results Public sector service providers seeking to improve quality of services 27

Finnish Higher Education & Research Open science, open data Open Science: • Open Access publishing & publications • Digitalisation of reports & research data • Open Source • Open Data Open Innovation: • Crowd sourcing: users, consumers, employees 28

Higher Education Research & Innovation 3. 3. Research and Innovation Council (RIC) Composition the RIC: Ø Prime Minister, the chair Ø Ministers of Education, of Economic Affairs, of Finance and other Ministers Ø Academy of Finland, Tekes, Ø Business and Industry, Trade Unions Ø Universities etc. Research and Innovation Council • advises the Government and Ministries in matters concernin research, technology, innovation and their utilisation and evaluation. • responsible for the strategic development and coordination of Finnish science and technology policy as well as of the national innovation system as a whole. 29

Finnish Higher Education & Research 3. 4. National Innovation Strategy 2008 Government’s Communication to the Parliament 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Reinforcing the competence base Broad-based innovation activity Internationalisation Strong networked innovation centres Internationally competitive higher education Support growth businesses Strengthen demand user orientation Central Government corporate steering Resources for innovation activity International review of the innovation system 30

Finnish Higher Education & Research and Innovation Policy Review and Reform Programme 2014 Key development areas • A radical reform of the higher education system • Promoting the exploitation and impact of R&I results • Strengthening new sources of growth, intellectual capital and entrepreneurship Other key targets • Improvement of the overall knowledge-base of the population and selective support for cutting-edge skills • Reform of public sector and closer crossadministrative cooperation • Adequate and targeting of R&D funding 31

Find more information in: http: //www. minedu. fi Finnish Higher Education & Research 32