High Purity Water for Critical Laboratory Applications Brian

High Purity Water for Critical Laboratory Applications Brian Rhoades Water Analysis and Purification Specialist Proprietary & Confidential The world leader in serving science

Overview • • 2 Explain the standards of water purification Review impurities in water Review technologies to remove those impurities Discuss the technologies utilized to produce different qualities of water Proprietary & Confidential

Water Purification Standards • There are several agencies that publish industry standards for the different types of water • We will cover the most commonly referenced standards: • ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials – D 1193 • CLSI – Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute • ISO – International Organization for Standardization – ISO 3696 3 Proprietary & Confidential

Reagent Grade Water Types 4 Proprietary & Confidential

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Laboratory Water Standards • Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water - CLRW Contaminant Unit of Measure Standard Ions Resistivity (megohm) > 10 Organics TOC (ppb) < 500 Bacteria (cfu/ml) < 10 Particles Microns 0. 2 micron filter • CLSI also sets standards for clinical analyzer feed water, bottled water, special reagent water, and autoclave water • Please refer to the entire guidelines as provided by your client 5 Proprietary & Confidential

Water Standards – ISO 3696 • ISO standards measure in grades • ISO only concerns resistivity and conductivity Type I Conductivity - 0. 056 (max. µS/cm) Resistivity - (min. MΩ • cm) 6 Proprietary & Confidential 18. 0 Grade Type 1 2 3 IV II III (ISO) 0. 100 1. 000 0. 250 5. 0 10. 0 1. 0 4. 0 0. 2

Appropriate Use of Water Feed for lab equipment Ultrapure water Water for cell culture 7 Proprietary & Confidential Water for chromatography

Appropriate Use of Water Feed for lab equipment Reverse Osmosis water Water for cell culture 8 Proprietary & Confidential Water for chromatography

Limitations & Capabilities 9 Proprietary & Confidential

Ion Impurities in Water Dissolved Ionized Solids Major Calcium - Ca++ Cations Magnesium - Mg++ Sodium - Na+ ---------------------------------Chloride - Cl. Major Sulfate - SO 4= Anions Bicarbonate - HCO 3 Silica/Silicate - HSi. O 3 - Highest purity Resistivity: Deionization with Semiconductor grade • High grade mixed bed resin formulated to have a low TOC Service DI: regenerated resins – not high purity Distillation: Ionized gases could reabsorb RO: % removal technology 10 Proprietary & Confidential

Monitoring Resistivity - Ions Conductivity 11 Proprietary & Confidential Resistivity Conductivity Resistivity

Organics • Total organic carbon monitoring organic compounds. • Low TOC = higher purity • NOT the same as bacteria! • Sources include: • Plant and animal decay • Agricultural and manufacturing byproducts • Phthalates or plasticizers increase flexibility and transparency of plastic • Best removed from water with UV and carbon. 12 Proprietary & Confidential

Bacteria Found: Everywhere – air and water Bacteria Potentially interferes with: • Lab equipment – clogs filters (HPLC) • Sensitively biological methods such as cell culture, tissue culture, and bacterial studies • Source for pyrogens/endotoxins • Source for nuclease (RNase/DNase) Removed with final filter, RO, UV • Likes to grow in water systems! 13 Proprietary & Confidential Measured off-line by micro culture methods A natural contaminant in feed water Measured in CFU/m. L

Nuclease and Pyrogens (Endotoxins) • Endotoxins (pyrogens): Pieces of Gram negative bacteria • Interfere with growth of mammalian cell or tissue cultures • Nucleases: Enzymes RNase and DNase • Degrade and breaks down RNA and DNA • Sensitively biological methods such as cell culture, tissue culture, and bacterial studies RNase/DNase Measured offline by fluorometric assay Enzyme that cleaves bonds within nucleic acids Measured in ng/m. L (ppb) or pg/m. L (ppt) Pyrogens Measured off-line by LAL spectrophotometric assay • Bacterial cell walls • Can retard cell or tissue growth Measured in units/m. L (EU/m. L) 14 Proprietary & Confidential

Particulates Typical tap water • Ruins RO membranes • Lab equipment – can leave a deposit, plug valves • Affect gravimetric methods • Prefilters remove particulates Rust Sediment Plumbing debris 15 Proprietary & Confidential • Measured by turbidity meter – should be below 1 N. T. U.

Limitations & Capabilities 16 Proprietary & Confidential

Deionization or Ion Exchange • Removes ions from water through the use of synthetic resins. • Divided into two classifications – cation and anion. • Only technology that produces 18. 2 megohm water. • Mixing cation and anion resins achieve maximum purity. Benefits • Removes dissolved inoragnics (ions), very effectively. • Water resistivity above 18. 0 MΩ -cm 17 Proprietary & Confidential Limitations • Limited capacity – once all ion binding sites are occupied ions are no longer retained • Does not remove organics, particles, pyrogens or bacteria

Ion Exchange and Regeneration 18 Proprietary & Confidential

Electrodeionization • Removes ions from water using electricity and resin. • Continuously regenerates automatically (though has a finite life) • The technology that produces 515 megohm water. Benefits • Removes dissolved inoragnics (ions), very effectively. • Water resistivity 5 -15 Megohm cm 19 Proprietary & Confidential Limitations • Finite capacity • Expensive replacement • Does not remove organics, particles, pyrogens or bacteria

Distillation Water is heated to the boiling point. Water vapor rises to the condenser where it is cooled and condensed. The purified water is stored for use. Benefits • Offers the broadest removal capabilities of any single form of water purification • Requires no consumables Pure water Limitations • Requires periodic maintenance and cleaning of system to maintain water purity • Requires cooling water 20 Proprietary & Confidential

Distillation 21 Proprietary & Confidential

Reverse Osmosis • Most economical method of removing up to 99% of all contaminants. • Water is pushed through a semi permeable membrane • Most impurities do not pass through the membrane, they collect on the surface and are flushed Benefits • To varying degrees, removes all types of contaminants. • Requires minimal maintenance 22 Proprietary & Confidential Limitations • Limited flow rates through the membrane require intermediate storage devices to meet user demand • Membrane susceptible to: • Scaling – Ca. CO 3 • Fouling – Organics & Colloids • Piercing – hard particles

Reverse Osmosis - Rejection Characteristics Good for pretreatment of tap water (Concentrate) 23 Proprietary & Confidential

Reverse Osmosis Spiral Wound Membrane (Permeate) (Concentrate) 24 Proprietary & Confidential

Carbon Adsorption Process: Water is passed through activated carbon which organics and chlorine adhere to Benefits: Carbon can be combined with resin to achieve low TOC’s or is a good first step to clean up feed water high in chlorine Limitations: Activated carbon will not remove ions and particulates 25 Proprietary & Confidential

Depth and Screen Filtration 26 Proprietary & Confidential

Final Filters • 0. 2 micron POU designed to removes bacteria and particles Important Tips: • Rinse filter before sampling • Change frequently minimum 1 -2 X per year • Purge – upon installation or if flow rate from dispenser, release air with vent port purge air bubbles. • Slow flow rate can also indicate filter needs replacement. • Avoid adding tubing to final filter, touching tip of final filter. 27 Proprietary & Confidential

Endotoxin-free Type 1 Water • Ultrafilters: • Remove endotoxins in water • <0. 001 Eu/ml • Polysulfone hollow fibers • Large surface area • In water line – away from potential environmental contamination • Combination of UV light and Ultrafiltration (UF) • Excellent way to reduce nuclease and endotoxin: • Ultrafilter hollow fiber filters trap impurities • System rinse remove them from the system • UV light – oxidizes bacteria and organics 28 Proprietary & Confidential

UV Photo-Oxidation and Bacteria Reduction • Built into systems with UV photo-oxidation: • Type 1 systems – dual wavelength UV: • 185/254 nm organic compounds • 254 nm controls microorganisms • Type 2 systems and storage tanks: • Use 254 nm only to discourage growth • Effective in the flow path • Thermo Scientific UV lamps – up to a 2 -year lifetime There is a 20 minute “minimum on time” safety regulation in the software for the UV Bulb. The UV Bulb is only on during the “Non-Stop” or “Production” modes 29 Proprietary & Confidential

Limitations & Capabilities 30 Proprietary & Confidential

Example Water Treatment Flow from Tap to Type 1 POU Water System being supplied type 2 water from resin bed in basement Flow Inside POU System UV Lamp Oxidizes organics / Kills bacteria Pump Moves H 2 O through System 2 nd Floor Lab Bench Deionization Removes ions and Cartridge dissolved gases Ultrafilter Resin Bed in Basement producing 8 megohm quality water (type 2) 31 Main water line with potable incoming water Proprietary & Confidential Removes particles, bacteria, pyrogens Conductivity Cell Measures resistivity and shows on system display Final Filter Removes particles larger than 0. 2 micron END RESULT: 18. 2 megohm water with TOC levels below 5 ppb, nucleases, pyrogens, bacterial levels extremely low

Thank you Questions? 32 Proprietary & Confidential