Hierarchy of classification of organisms By NUR DIANA

Hierarchy of classification of organisms By: NUR DIANA BT MAMAT@MOHAMAD BIOLOGY LECTURER

HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 9/18/2021

Chapter 2 : hierarchy of biological organization ATOM MOLECULE ORGANELLE CELL ORGAN BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEM ORGAN SYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATION ORGANISM TISSU E

Organization 1. Atom : The basic unit of a chemical element, such as Molecule: a chemical structure consisting of neon, hydrogen, calcium atoms 2. Organelle: a structural component of a cell such as Membrane plasma, nucleus, cytoplasm 3. Tissue: a group of similar cells, such as epithelium tissue, xylem and phloem tissue 3. Organ -collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function, examples : heart, eyes 4. Organ systems: Two or more organs working together for a specific body function to form an organ system

The biosphere Ecosystems Organelles Cells 1 µm Atoms 10 µm Communities Molecules Tissues Populations Organisms 50 µm Organs and organ systems

�Field of biology branches. �DEFINITION: taxonomy Process of identification, classification and naming the organisms. Use binomial system. Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus 9/18/2021

L. O At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: i) Define what is binomial system / Linnaeus naming system. ii) State five kingdom organisms iii) Explain division of organisms through kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. •

Classification What is classification? ? -The arrangement of organisms into a series of groups based on physiological, anatomical or other relationship. e. x: groups of birds • Uses a set of categories containing species on the basis of their evolutionary relationship to each other. • •

Levels of classification �Domain �Kingdom �Phylum �Class �Order �Family �Genus �Species

Domain �The highest taxonomic rank of organisms �Three groups : �Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

Kingdom �Kingdom –taxonomic rank that is composed of smaller groups � oldest : *have two kingdom – a) animalia b) plantae �Newest : 6 kingdoms

Kingdom of animalia

Kingdom of plantae

phylum �- Classification of organisms that consists of one or closely related classes. �Examples: Rhodophyta, Ascomycota, Bryophyta, Chelicerata and Chordata

Class �Classification of organisms that consists of similar or closely related orders. �Examples: mammalia (mammals), Aves (birds)and Dicotyledoneae (dicotes)

Order �Classification of organisms that consists of one or several similar or closely related families. � Similar order form a class. �Order names typically end in –ales in botany, e. g. Rosales (Roses and orchard) and in –a in zoology , e. g. Carnivora (flesh eaters).

�Classification of organisms that consists of Family one or several similar or closely related genera. Similar families are grouped into an order. �Family names end in –aceae or –ae in botany (e. g. Cactaceae) and –idea in zoology (e. g. Equidae)

Genus �Classification of organisms that consists of a number of similar or closely related species. �E. g Lilium (lili), Crocus, Antirrhinum

Species �A group of organisms that resemble each other more than they resemble members of other groups and cannot subdivided into two or more species.

History… �Father of taxonomy: Carl Linnaeus �Used binomial system = the two names (in Latin) an unchanging language. �Basic unit of classification = species. �Species consists of the genus and epithet �The first name is the genus name. �The first letter is capitalized and the word must be italic or underline.

�Genus �-category that contains one species or a group of similar species. �Example: Genus: Ursus (Grizzly bear) �Epithet (species) �-Species itself. �Example: Ursus horribilis (Grizzly bear) (genus) (epithet/species)

EXAMPLE GENUS: Ursus horribilis Ursus arctos

�Taxonomy (classification) Earthworm, Night Crawler (common name) �Kingdom : Animalia �Phylum : Annelida �Class : Chaetopoda �Order : Oligochaeta ( (hermaprodite) �Family : Lubricidae �Genus : Lumbricus �Species : terrestris

The six kingdom system of Classification �By Robert Whittaker (1969) KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM MONERA KINGDOM PLANTAE KINGDOM PROTISTA KINGDOM FUNGI

Kingdom monera �Also known as kingdom prokaryotes. �Consists of bacteria and cynobacteria (blue –green algae) �No nucleus/No bounded nucleus �Small in size �Reproduction: Binary fission

Kingdom Protista �Single-celled organisms. �Live in colonies �Eukaryotes �Reproduction: Mitosis (process of division of the nucleus of the cell. �Consists of algae, protozoa and slime molds. �Slime molds – saprobic or parasitic fungus that lives in fresh water or moist soil.

Spirogyra Paramecium Diatoms

Kingdom Fungi �Consists of mushrooms, molds and yeast. �Eukaryotes with thin cell walls f chitin �Heterotrophs and absorb food �Mostly saprophytes, decomposers or parasites �Some are mutualistic like lichen that is a combination of an algae and fungi.

Kingdom plantae �Consists of the green plants. �Eukaryotes �Multicellular organisms (have cell walls made up of cellulose) �Nonmotile �Able to perform photosynthesis. �Include multicellular algae, mosses, ferns grasses, shrubs and threes.

�All animals Kingdom animalia �Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms �Motile at least at some time in their live �Obtain food mostly by ingestion that is by engulfing or by eating.

IQ TEST � 1. How many types of kingdom that used by Robert Whittaker? � 2. According to question no. one, explain the different between each of kingdom and give examples of organism. � 3. State hierarchy of organisms classification based on differentiation. � 4. Who is the farther of taxonomy?

�Thank you for your attention. . That’s all for today. .