HIERARCHY BIOLOGY Suyarta Efrida Pakpahan S KM M

HIERARCHY BIOLOGY Suyarta Efrida Pakpahan, S. KM. , M. Si

An Introduction to Biology Key Concepts: 1. 1 Principles of Biology and the Levels of Biological Organization 1. 2 Unity and Diversity of Life

1. 1 Principles of Biology: the scientific study of living things. 1. Cells are the simplest units of life 2. Living organisms use energy 3. Living organisms interact with their environment

Principles of Biology 4. Living organisms maintain homeostasis 5. Living organisms grow and develop 6. The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction

Principles of Biology 7. Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next 8. All species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history 7. Structure determines function

Principles of Biology 10. New properties of life emerge from complex interactions 11. Biology is an experimental science 12. Biology affects our society

History of Cells & the Cell Theory copyright cmassengale Cell Specialization

First to View Cells • In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) • What he saw looked like small boxes copyright cmassengale

First to View Cells • Hooke is responsible for naming cells • Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells copyright cmassengale

Anton van Leeuwenhoek • In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) • Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his copyright cmassengale teeth

Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells • Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory copyright cmassengale

Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells • Schwann also cofounded the cell theory copyright cmassengale 12

Beginning of the Cell Theory • In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing • He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division copyright cmassengale 13

Levels of Biological Organization 1 Molecules and Atoms 2 macromolecules 3 5 4 Organs Cells Tissues 6 Organism 10 Biosphere 7 Population 8 9 Ecosystem Community 14

Organization Levels of Life Atoms to Organisms copyright cmassengale 15

Nonliving Levels ATOMS MOLECULES copyright cmassengale ORGANELLES

Living Levels CELLS – life starts here TISSUES – Similar cells working together copyright cmassengale

More Living Levels ORGANS Different tissues working together ORGAN SYSTEMS Different organs working together copyright cmassengale ORGANISM

All levels can be grouped in 3: • • • Cellular Organismal Populational

1. 2 Unity and Diversity of Life n Unity q All life displays a common set of characteristics q United n by a shared evolutionary history Diversity q Life has a diversity of form in diverse environments 27

Evolutionary History • Life began on Earth as primitive cells between 3. 5 - 4 billion years ago (bya) • Those primitive cells underwent evolutionary changes to give rise to the species of today • Evolutionary history helps us understand the structure and function of an organism

• Evolutionary change involves modifications of pre-existing characteristics • Structures may be modified to serve new purposes • Example: Walking limbs were modified into a dolphin’s flipper or a bat’s wing

Review Clusters of atoms. (molecules) Our entire planet earth. ( ? ) Independent individual. ( ? ) Group of similar cells. ( ? ) All of the various species living in the same area. ( ? ) Structure that performs specialized function for the cell. ( ? )

Question 1 Which of the following is defined as “the living part of an ecosystem? ” A. biosphere. B. community. C. organism. D. population. E. ecosystem.

Question 2 Which of the following is defined as “group of individuals of a particular type that live in the same area and actively interbreed with one another? ” A. ecosystem. B. community. C. population. D. organism.