Het IPProtocol 3 IPprotocol Services l Routing l
- Slides: 42
Het IP-Protocol 3
IP-protocol Services l Routing l Multiple client protocols l Datagram delivery l Independant from the Network Interface Layer l Fragmentation and reassembly l Extensible through IP options l Packet switching technology 3
u. IP Header 0 15 16 4 -bit version 4 -bit header length 8 -bit type of service(TOS) 16 -bit identification 8 -bit time to live (TTL) 31 16 -bit total length (in bytes) 3 -bit flag 8 -bit protocol 13 -bit fragment offset 16 -bit header checksum 20 bytes 32 -bit source IP address 32 -bit destination IP address Options (if any) data 3
Wat is een IP Address? 86 90 94 133. 120. 75. 8 129. 102. 12. 7 MARIA AVE 129. 102. 0. 0 133. 120. 0. 0 131. 107. 0. 0 129. 102. 16. 2 131. 107. 3. 27 3
Conversie IP Adres van Binair naar Decimaal Formaat 8 Bits 1 1 1 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 255 Decimal Value 3
Netwerk ID en Host ID 32 Bits Class B Network ID Example: Host ID w. x. y. z. 131. 107. 3. 24 3
Address Classes Class A Number of Networks Number of Hosts per Network 126 16, 777, 214 16, 384 65, 534 2, 097, 152 254 Host ID Network ID 0 Class B Network ID Host ID 10 Class C Network ID Host ID 110 w x y z 3
Address Class Summary Number of Networks Number of Hosts per Network Range of Network IDs (First Octet) Class A 126 16, 777, 214 1 – 126 Class B 16, 384 65, 534 128 – 191 Class C 2, 097, 152 254 192 – 223 3
Assigning Network IDs A C Router 124. x. y. z B Router 192. 121. 73. z 131. 107. y. z 3
Network Addressing Guidelines n Network ID Must Be Unique n 127 Is Reserved for Diagnostic Loopback Functions n Network ID Cannot Be all 255 (All Bits Set to 1) l n 255 is a broadcast address Network ID Cannot Be all 0 (All Bits Set to 0) l 0 indicates a local network 3
Assigning Host IDs A 124. 0. 0. 27 C 124. 0. 0. 1 B 192. 121. 73. 2 Router 124. 0. 0. 28 192. 121. 73. 1 124. x. y. z 124. 0. 0. 29 131. 107. 24. 27 Router 131. 107. 24. 1 192. 121. 73. z 131. 107. 24. 28 131. 107. 24. z 131. 107. 24. 29 3
Host Addressing Guidelines n Host ID Must Be Unique to the Network ID n Host ID Cannot Be 255 (All Bits Set to 1) l n 255 is a broadcast address Host ID Cannot Be 0 (All Bits Set to 0) l 0 means “this network only” 3
Common Addressing Problems n Network IDs on the Local Network Don’t Match l n Local hosts cannot communicate Host IDs on the Local Network Are Duplicate l Windows NT–based hosts cannot initialize l Other TCP/IP-based hosts may not be able to communicate l Other TCP/IP-based hosts could hang 3
How to choose/assign IP-addresses ? n Internet Service Provider n ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Number l n RIPE – ARIN – APNIC – LACNIC - Afri. NIC Private Address Space (RFC 1918) 10. 0 - 10. 255 172. 16. 0. 0 - 172. 31. 255 192. 168. 0. 0 - 192. 168. 255 3
Loopback interface n n IP driver 127. 0. 0. 1 IP output function name localhost IP input function Loopback driver Place on IP input queue yes Dest. IP = broadcast or multicast ? Place on IP input queue no Dest. IP = interface address ? Ethernet driver 3
Exercise 3
Excercise n Connect two pc’s to a hub and assign an ipaddress from the same network. Issue a ping command from one to the other. Do the same with ip-addresses from different networks n Find the public address space assigned to your company (or any company that you know) 3
The Domain Name System n An Alias Used to Reference a TCP/IP Host n A Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Example: ftp. microsoft. com n Provides a Simplified Way to Access a TCP/IP Host n Used by Ping and Other TCP/IP Utilities n Entries Are Stored in the HOSTS File or DNS n Viewed with the nslookup Utility 3
IP addressing summary n Network part: all host bits 0 l n First ip address : l n 193. 58. 9. 0 193. 58. 9. 1 Broadcast address: all host bits 1 l 193. 58. 9. 255 3
Overview Subnetting n What Is a Subnet? n Subnet Addressing n What Is a Subnet Mask? n Defining a Subnet Mask n Defining Network IDs for an Internetwork n Defining Host IDs for Subnets 3
What Is a Subnet Mask? n Distinguishes the Network ID from the Host ID n Used to Specify Whether the Destination Host is Local or Remote 3
Default Subnet Masks (No Subnetting) Address Class Bits Used for Subnet Mask Dotted Decimal Notation Class A 1111 00000000 255. 0. 0. 0 Class B 11111111 00000000 255. 0. 0 Class C 11111111 0000 255. 0 Class B Example IP Address 131. 107. 16. 200 Subnet Mask 255. 0. 0 Network ID 131. 107. y. z Host ID w. x. 16. 200 3
How IP Determines If a Packet Is Destined Locally or Remotely n Local IP and Destination IP are ANDed with Mask l l 1 AND 1 = 1 Other combinations = 0 If ANDed results of source and destination hosts match, the destination is local IP Address 10011111 11100000111 10000001 Subnet Mask 11111111 00000000 l Result 10011111 11100000000 3
Problem : Waste of address space ! n Inefficient use of address space 193. 107. 8. 1 193. 107. 16. 2 193. 107. 16. 1 193. 107. 24. 1 193. 107. 16. z A We only use 2 address out of 254 193. 107. 8. z B 193. 107. 24. z 3
How is subnetting done? 131. 107. 3. 27 131. 107. 12. 7 n Borrow bits from host part All hosts on same have same Subnet segment 1 subnet number 131. 107. 12. 0 131. 107. 10. 0 n 255. 0 Main Network Subnet 2 131. 107. 3. 0 255. 0 Subnet 3 131. 107. 12. 0 255. 0 131. 107. 12. 31 131. 107. 10. 12 3
Examples of a Custom Subnet Mask (Subnetting) Address Class Bits Used for Subnet Mask Dotted Decimal Notation Class ? 11111111 00000000 111100000000 255. 0. 0 255. 240. 0. 0 Class ? 11111111 0000 111111110000 255. 0 255. 240. 0 Class B Example IP Address 131. 107. 16. 200 Subnet Mask 255. 0 Network ID 131. 107. y. z Subnet ID w. x. 16. z Host ID w. x. y. 200 3
Using the Subnet Mask to Determine If a Host Is Local or Remote n Comparing Two Network IDs Does Not Always Indicate a Local or Remote Host Example 1 Example 2 131. 107. 35. 200 131. 107. 61. 26 153. 170. 37. 16 217. 170. 172. 233 n Compare Both Addresses to a Subnet Mask to Determine Location IP Addresses 131. 107. 35. 200 131. 107. 61. 26 Subnet Mask 255. 0. 0, or 255. 0 Same Network? Yes No 3
Determining the Number of Subnet Mask Bits Subnet Mask Number of Subnets 2. . . 254 Network ID Class B Subnet Mask Host ID 1 0 Number of Hosts 16, 382. . . 254 Host ID 3
Defining a Subnet Mask 1 Determine the Number of Subnets 2 Convert the Number of Subnets to Binary 3 Convert the Required Number of Bits to Decimal (High Order) Example of Class B Address Number of Subnets 6 Binary Value 0 0 0 1 1 0 (3 Bits) 4+2 = 6 Convert to Decimal 11111111 11100000 255 . 224 . 0 3
Shortcut to Defining Network IDs for 1 List the Number of Bits (High Order) Used 11100000 Subnet Mask 32 2 Convert the Bit with the Lowest Value to Decimal 3 Increment the Value for Each Bit Combination 0 + = + = + = 32 32 32 64 32 96 32 128 32 160 w. x. 32. 1 w. x. 63. 254 w. x. 64. 1 w. x. 95. 254 w. x. 96. 1 w. x. 127. 254 w. x. 128. 1 w. x. 159. 254 w. x. 160. 1 w. x. 192. 254 3
Defining Host IDs for a Subnet IDs 0000 = 0 00100000 = 32 01000000 = 64 01100000 = 96 10000000 = 128 10100000 = 160 11000000 = 192 11100000 = 224 Host ID Range “Invalid” x. y. 32. 1 – x. y. 64. 1 – x. y. 96. 1 – x. y. 128. 1 – x. y. 160. 1 – x. y. 192. 1 – “Invalid” x. y. 63. 254 x. y. 95. 254 x. y. 127. 254 x. y. 159. 254 x. y. 191. 254 x. y. 223. 254 n Each Subnet ID Indicates the Beginning Value in a Range n The Ending Value Is One Less Than the Beginning Value of the Next Subnet ID 3
Subnet Addressing n n Determine the Number of Required Network IDs l One for each subnet l One for each wide area network connection Determine the Number of Required Host IDs per Subnet l One for each TCP/IP host l One for each router interface n Define One Subnet Mask Based on Requirements n Define a Unique Network ID for Each Subnet Based on the Subnet Mask n Define Valid Host IDs for Each Subnet Based on the Network ID 3
Exercise: Subnetting 3
Example : Assign subnets 210. 10. 0/24 10 10 10 3
Excercise : Assign subnets (subnet zero is valid) 100 193. 58. 1. 0 /24 193. 58. 2. 0 / 24 193. 58. 3. 0 / 24 10 2 100 50 50 50 40 40 2 Internet 28 6 3
Solution 100 193. 58. 1. 0 /24 193. 58. 2. 0 / 24 193. 58. 3. 0 / 24 11111111 255 1111 10000000 . 255. 128 Network #bit s Mask #host s First Last Broadcast 193. 58. 9. 0 24 255. 0 254 193. 58. 9. 1 193. 58. 9. 2 54 193. 58. 9. 2 55 193. 58. 9. 0 25 255. 12 8 126 193. 58. 9. 1 27 193. 58. 9. 128 25 255. 12 8 126 193. 58. 9. 1 29 193. 58. 9. 2 54 193. 58. 9. 2 55 3
Excercise : Assign subnets (subnet zero is valid) 193. 58. 1. 0 /24 193. 58. 2. 0 / 24 193. 58. 3. 0 / 24 193. 58. 1. 0 /25 193. 58. 1. 128 /25 193. 58. 3. 224 / 28 193. 58. 3. 248 / 30 Internet 193. 58. 3. 252 / 30 193. 58. 3. 192 / 27 193. 58. 2. 0 /25 193. 58. 2. 128 /26 193. 58. 2. 192 /26 193. 58. 3. 0 / 26 193. 58. 3. 64 / 26 193. 58. 3. 128 / 26 193. 58. 3. 240 / 29 3
Excercise : Assign subnets (subnet zero is valid) 50 192. 168. 1. 0 / 24 40 10 20 Internet 30 3
Exercise n 25. 158. 7. 89/19 l Define network mask l Define network l Define first ip address l Define last ip address l Define broadcast address 3
Review n What Is a Subnet? n Subnet Addressing n What Is a Subnet Mask? n Defining a Subnet Mask n Defining Network IDs for an Internetwork n Defining Host IDs for Subnets 3
Commands n netstat l Network connections and routing table l Unix - Windows NT ifconfig l interface information l Unix winipcfg l n Windows 95/98 ipconfig l Windows NT/2000 3
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) n Exhaustion IP address space n No class A - B and C n w. x. y. z/s with 1 <= s < = 32 n Route aggregation 3
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