Heritage of World Civilization Prof Kulwadee Makarabhirom Ancient

Heritage of World Civilization Prof. Kulwadee Makarabhirom

Ancient Literature 1. Sumerian Literature 2. Egyptian Literature 3. Jewish Literature 4. Indian Literature 5. Chinese Literature 6. Greek Literature 7. Roman Literature

Cradle of World Civilizations: Four Important River Valleys of the Ancient World (Albert M. Craig. The Heritage of World Civilizations, p. 6) วรรณคดยคโบรา ณ ซเมเรยน อยป ฮบร อนเด จน กร โรม 3

Near East in the Ancient Times

Mesopotamian Literature ancient literature oral literature (handed down by oral tradition) written literature difficult / impossible to date Sumerian Cuneiform

The Epic of Creation recorded on 7 clay tablets with the cuneiform

Epic of Creation Apsu + Tiamat gods, goddess Ea VS Apsu Marduk VS Tiamat’s upper part heaven Tiamat’s lower part earth Tiamat’s bones mountains Tiamat’s blood rivers, oceans Marduk created man and animals from clay

Marduk creating heaven and earth in the Sumerian Epic of Creation

Epic of Utanapishtim Ea Utanapishtim 7 storied ship / vessal Man of Shuruppak, son of Ubar-Tutu, Destroy thy house, build a vessel, Leave thy riches, seek thy life Store in thy vessel the seeds of all life, ……………………. Formerly Uta-Napishtim was a human being, Now Uta-Napishtim and his wife will be like unto us, gods.

Utanapishtim constructing a vessal as instructed by Ea

Epic of Utanapishtim Enlil, the rain god rained for 6 days and nights Utanapishtim’s vessel Mt. Nisir Utanapishtim released birds 3 times offered sacrifice to gods

Epic of Gilgamesh Ninsun + mortal man Gilgamesh Sumerian King (3, 000 B. C. )

Gilgamesh hunting with Enkidu

Epic of Gilgamesh Enkidu, my friend, my little brother, who chased the panther of the desert, My friend who with me killed lions, My friend who faced with me all difficulties, His fate has overtaken him. Six days and six nights have I wept over him. Then when I afraid of death and I fled through the land. My friend whom I lived has become like unto mud. And I, must I too, lie down like him and never rise again ? ………………………………. . O Gilgamesh, why dost thou run in all directions ? The life thou seekest thou shalt never find. When the gods created man They gave him Death. Life they kept in their own hands.

Gilgamesh on a journey to Utanapishtim in his search for the secret of immortality

Gilgamesh gathering herbs, the snake stealing the herbs

Egyptian Literature Ancient Near East

Egyptian Literature Religious Literature Hieroglyph Secular Literature Hieroglyph

Religious Literature hymns written on the inner wall of pyramids

Ra, the sun god depicted on the wall of a pyramid with hieroglyps narrating his story

bas-relief on the sacrophagus depicting dying Osiris dispenses his divine sperm to his wife, Isis

mummification illustrated in the Book of the Dead

Thoth, the moon god weighing a heart with Osiris on his throne, from a Book of the Dead

Secular Literature

Secular Literature proverbs adventurous stories fairy tales love stories

Secular Literature Now I’ ll lie down inside and act as if I’m sick My neighbors will come in to visit, and with them my girl. She’ ll put the doctors out For she’s the one to know my heart. (Annonymous Egyptian poet)

Jewish Literature Christian Bible The Old Testament relationships + agreements between God and the Jews/ Hebrews hymns stories/ teachings of prophets Jewish history legends

The Creation of Adam

Eve tempted by Satan fruit of the forbidden tree original sin

Jewish Literature Noah’s Ark the great flood

Legend of Noah and the Great Flood: Noah building his ark

Noah releasing a dove from his ark

The third dove Noah released from the ark returned with an olive branch.

Legend of Noah’s Ark in Walt Disney’s Fantasy 2000

Jewish Literature The Tower of Babel inspired by Ziggurats of the Sumerians

ziggurat of Babylonia dedicated to Marduk

Indian Literature Ancient Literature Gupta Literature

Cradle of World Civilizations: Four Important River Valleys of the Ancient World

Ancient Literature Sanskrit Literature Pali Literature

Masterpieces of Sansakrit Literature Vedas )คมภรพระเวท ( Ramayana )รามายณะ( Mahabharata) มหาภารตยทธ (

Masterpieces of Sansakrit Literature Ramayana Arayans vs Rama, Lakshaman )ทศกณฐ ( monkeys Indian Natives Ravana demons )ยกษ (

battle between Rama and Ravana

Mahabharata Arayans vs Arayans Pandava ) ตระกลปาณฑพ ) Kauravas (ตระกลเการพ (

Mahabharata Arjuna and Krishna, the eight avatar of Vishnu disguised as Arjuna’s charioteer, sounding their conches

Krishna riding Arjuna into the Battle of Kurukshetra )ทงกรเกษตร ) against the Kauravas

the most important motif of Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita three paths to salvation Karma )วถแหงการกระทำ ( Gyan )วถแหงปญญา ( Bhakti )วถแหงความภกดและเชอมน (

Pali Literature • originated in the North of India • mostly Buddhist Literature

Pali Literature Tripitaka )พระไตรปฏก ) = three baskets/ three sections of teachings

Tripitaka Sutta Pitaka )พระสตตปฏก ) : dialogues between the Buddha and his followers Vinaya Pitaka )พระวนยปฏก ): rules of the monasteries Abhidharmar Pitaka )พระอภธรรมปฏก ): Buddhist philosophy

Pali Literature Milinda Panha dialogues Menander, Indo-Greek King Nagasena, Buddhist philosopher

Pali Literature Jataka Tales )นทานชาดก ( Bhutanese painting of Jataka Tales, 18 th-19 th century, Bhutan

Jataka Tale Mahajanaka )มหาชนก( Mahajanaka being saved by Mani Mekhala )นางมณเมขลา ) from shipwreck

Gupta Literature Gupta Dynasty greatest period of Indian poetry and drama greatest poet and playwright Kalidasa )กาลทาส ( The Cloud Messenger )เมฆทต ( Of Shakuntala Recognized by a Token

Of Shakuntala Recognized by a Token was translated by King Rama VI as ศกนตลา Shakuntala with King Duhshanta )ทาวทษยนต (

Cradle of Civilizations: Four Important River Valleys of the Ancient World

Chinese Literature Ancient Times Chou Dynasty (1, 027 -256 B. C. ) Han Dynasty

Ancient Chinese Story The beginning of the universe Pangu slept in the chaos for 18, 000 years. Pangu smashed through the chaos with his giant axe. Pangu created sky, earth, etc.

Pangu swung his giant axe to smash through the chaos.

Chou Literature Confucious )ขงจอ (

Confucius Wu Ching / Wu Jing (Five Classics) norms for Chinese society, law, government, education, literature, religion

Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching Taoism living in harmony with nature

Han Literature • Han Dynasty ruled China for 400 years from 202 B. C. -220 A. D. • According to Han chronicles 1, 380 tales 15 books • Confucian texts were rewritten and republished. • Confucianism was revived. • Confucianism adopted by the Han Dynasty as the official ideology

Han Literature Wu Ching were used for the Chinese imperial examination, a civil service examination, as early as the Han Dynasty, to select candidates for the state Bureaucracy.

Greek Literature (1, 200 B. C. )

Cradle of World Civilizations: Four Important River Valleys of the Ancient World

Greek Literature (1, 200 B. C. ) 1. Poetry 2. Drama 3. Prose

Greek Literature (1, 200 B. C. ) Poetry The Iliad Trojan War Homer The Odyssey adventures of Odysseus

The Iliad: Homer The Judgment of Paris, Peter Paul Rubens

The Iliad: Homer Paris and Helen, Jacques Louis David

The Odyssey: Homer Odysseus passing the island of the Sirens

Hesiod Theogony origins and genealogy of Greek gods

The Theogony : Hesiod In the beginning there was only the formless confusion of Chaos.

The Titans The twelve great Olympians

Works and Days Hesiod farmer’s almanac agricultural instruction

Lyrics Sappho poet from Lesbos love and sexuality

Greek Literature drama dithyramb )ลำนำกลอนสด ( Dionysus, the God of wine and fertility

Greek Drama 1. tragedy 2. comedy

Greek Drama tragedy Greek’s greatest tragedians Thespis Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides

Greek Tragedian Thespis the first actor in Greek drama, inventor of tragedy, the first to interweave choral song with an actor’s speeches

Greek Tragedian Aeschylus the most successful dramatist in Athens introduced dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting Orestes disturbed by the Furies after killing his mother, from Aeschylus’ Eumenides

Greek Tragedian Sophocles Oedipus Rex fated to kill his mother and married his own mother Oedipus complex

Greek Tragedian Euripides focus more on men than gods Electra Complex

Greek Comedy • old comedy Aristophanes • middle comedy Aristophanes • new comedy Menander

Greek Masks

Theatre of Dionysus, Athens: the world’s oldest theatre

Roman/ Latin Literature Roman territory during the Roman Republic

Roman/ Latin Literature Roman territory during the Roman Empire

Roman/ Latin Literature 1. Poetry 2. Drama 3. Prose

Poetry Epic Aeneid Virgil Aeneas, a Trojan hero Hesperia (Italy) the ancestor of the Roman

Aeneid: Virgil Aeneas Fleeing from Troy

Poetry Horace Art of Poetry states the basic rules of classical writing greatly influences poets of later periods

Poetry Ovid Metamorphoses mythological narrative describing the ages of man, the flood, transformations of the natural world: transformation of Daphne