HEMP 101 WBA Hemp as is Happens Forum

HEMP 101 WBA Hemp as is Happens Forum Dr. Shelby Ellison July 23 rd, 2019

Overview • History • Botany • Cultivation • Grain/Fiber • CBD • UW Madison Research

Definition of Industrial Hemp • THC 0. 3% or below • Can be grown for: • Grain • Fiber • Cannabinoids such as CBD https: //citizentruth. org/hemp‐vs‐marijuana‐whats‐the‐difference/

History of Hemp • Hemp was probably the earliest plant cultivated for textile fiber • Archaeologists found a remnant of hemp cloth in ancient Mesopotamia (currently Iran and Iraq) which dates back to 8, 000 BC • It is believed that hemp made it to Europe in approximately 1, 200 BC • Cannabis/Hemp came to Americas after 1492

History of Hemp • 1776 – Colonial Virginian farmers are able to pay taxes to the government in hemp • 1900‐ 1920 Mexican immigrants bring recreational marijuana use to US • Associated with fear/prejudice toward new immigrants • 1937 US Marijuana Tax Act destroys the domestic hemp trade • Possession legal only by those paying tax for authorized medical and industrial uses • 1942 WWII shortages in fiber cause US hemp production to ramp up again • Wisconsin leader in production

History of Hemp • 1970 Federal Controlled Substances Act • Marijuana provisionally designated as Schedule 1 drug in 1971 • 1998 Industrial hemp legalized in Canada • 2014 Obama signs farm bill legalizing research hemp farms • 2018 Sen. Mitch Mc. Connell signs farm bill with hemp pen re‐ legalizing industrial hemp in United States

Cannabis sativa L. • Erect, bushy, annual herb • Seed to seed in one year • Dioecious • Males and female flowers are typically on separate plants • Wind pollinated • Photoperiod sensitive • Vegetative >14 hours of light • Reproductive <14 hours of light

Cannabis sativa anatomy Female flower Male flower Pistil is the female reproductive structure Stamens are the male reproductive structure Stigma catches pollen Anthers (bananas) release pollen

Cannabis sativa reproduction • Seed • Sexual reproduction • Need males and females • Cloning • Asexual reproduction • Take cuttings from desired “mother” plant • Rooting hormone • Roots form in ~10 days

Hemp Uses ‐ Fiber • Hurd • Animal bedding, mulch, chemical absorbent, fiberboard, insulation, and concrete Hurd Bast • Bast fiber • Cordage/rope, netting, canvas, biocomposite, non‐wovens, clothes, shoes and bags • Stalk • Biofuel/ethanol, paper products, cardboard and fibers http: //www. hemptrade. ca/eguide/fibre‐production/types‐of‐hemp‐fibre

Hemp Uses ‐ Grain • Nut • Bread, granola/cereal, milk/dairy products, protein powder • Oil • Fuel, lubricants, ink, varnish, paint, dressings, margarine, body products, and cosmetics • Cake • Animal food and flour

Hemp Uses ‐ CBD • Mode of action only partially understood • CBD medications being studied for • Pediatric epilepsy • Epidiolex recently FDA approved • Inflammation • Psychiatric conditions • Anxiety • Psychosis • Addiction

CBD Products • Oils • Topicals • Tinctures • Smokable flower https: //coloradocannabistours. com/guides/hemp‐cbd‐uses‐benefits/

Hemp Cultivation – Fiber and Grain Photo courtesy of Minnesota Hemp Farms

Field Selection • Well‐drained fields that do not stay saturated after rains are ideal • Silty loam or well irrigated sand, not heavy clay • Choose fields with the lowest weed pressure and highest fertility

Field Preparation • No herbicides are labeled/allowed for hemp • Tillage is most common method of weed control • Herbicide Rotation Restrictions before planting industrial hemp • What was sprayed last year matters

Planting • Soil temperatures of >50°F for rapid germination and emergence • Grain drills are recommended • Seeding depth is targeted at ½ inch • 50 lb bags of male and female seeds • ~$200 per 50 lb bag • Seeding rates range from 25‐ 35 pounds/acre

Fertility and water requirements • Fertility • Nitrogen 60‐ 100 lbs acre‐ 1 • Phosphorus 40‐ 70 lbs acre‐ 1 • Potassium 40‐ 80 lbs acre‐ 1 • Water • Loves water but does not like to stay wet • Higher yields with irrigation

Grain Harvest • Harvest begins approximately 100‐ 120 days after planting (September‐ October) • Grain moisture at harvest should be 12‐ 18% • Range: 600‐ 2000 pounds/acre • Conventional: 1200‐ 1400 pounds/acre • Organic: 600‐ 800 pounds/acre https: //hemp. cals. cornell. edu/media/

Mow Fiber Harvest • Fiber harvested after a grain crop should be cut 1‐ 2 days after harvest or preferably the following spring Rhetting • Field rhetting • Controlled rotting facilitating separation of the fiber from the stem • Fiber should be baled in large square bales at 15% moisture or less • Typical fiber yields after a grain crop is 1‐ 3 Baling tons/acre http: //www. hemptrade. ca/eguide/fibre‐production/salvaging‐hemp‐fibre

Hemp Cultivation ‐ CBD

What is Cannabidiol (CBD)? • 8 Major Cannabinoid Acids Naturally Produced by Cannabis CBGA (Cannabigerolic acid) THCA (Δ 9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid) CBCA (Cannabichromenenic acid) CBGVA (Cannabigerovarinic acid) THCVA (Tetrahydrocanabivarinic acid) CBDVA (Cannabidivarinic acid) CBCVA (Cannabichromevarinic acid) THCA and CBDA are usually the most abundant cannabinoids in Cannabis varieties.

CBGA THCA CBDA Heat THC CBD

The Endocannabinoid System • Endo = within body • Cannabinoids = class of molecules that activate system • Endocannabinoids • Phytocannabinoids • Endocannabinoid system (ECS) • Endocannabinoids • Cannabinoid receptors • Enzymes that break down endocannabinoids

How does CBD work? • CBD interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system • Almost every organ of your body contains cannabinoid receptors • Particularly in brain and central nervous system. • The endocannabinoid system regulates homeostasis • Sleep • Appetite, digestion, hunger • Mood • Motor control • Immune function • • • Reproduction & fertility Pleasure & reward Pain Memory Temperature regulation

How does CBD work? • The human body has two primary cannabinoid receptors (CB 1 and CB 2) • Unlike THC, CBD does not directly bind to these receptors. • This is why CBD does not cause any psychoactive effect • CBD inhibits the break down of endocannabinoids, leading to an increase in your body’s naturally‐produced cannabinoids. *Leafly

Where does CBD come from? • The highest concentrations of CBDA are found on trichomes of an unpollinated female flower • Trichomes are glandular hairs found on the surface of plants • Trichomes also produce terpenes and flavonoids which contribute to a plant’s aroma and flavor profile

Where does CBD come from? d e • The highest concentrations of CBDA are found on trichomes of an unpollinated female flower w o l l a • Trichomes are glandular hairs found on the surface of plants • Trichomes also produce terpenes and flavonoids which contribute to a plant’s s e l a m o aroma and flavor profile N

Planting Materials ‐ Clones • Directly cut from a female mother plant • Genetically identical • Guaranteed females (hopefully) • Need to be hardened off PC: Forrest Woolery

Planting Materials ‐ Seed • Typically more hearty than clones • Non‐feminized means will have both males and females, in which case you’ll need to get rid of the males • A lot of beginning growers start with feminized seeds • More expensive • Less labor intensive • Start in greenhouse and transplant

Certificate of Analysis

Planting: Time of year • Transplants – clones or seedlings • No longer than 4 weeks in greenhouse • Can start in late May‐ through mid June • Planted into July this year due to rain • Day length sensitivity • Will start to flower at <14 hours of light, want good vegetative growth to support flowering

Planting: Types of soil • Non‐marginal land • Well drained – does not like excessive moisture • Loamy • Deep tap root will help stabilize, clay or compaction hard on roots • Nutrient heavy – soils that can hold nutrients but not bind them • p. H 5. 9‐ 6. 5 up to 7. 5

Field Prep ‐ Tillage • No till • Plant into strips of clover, rye, green mats • Tilled soil with cover planted at same time • Black plastic • Do not recommend straw due to moisture and mold

Field Prep‐Fertility • High nutrient use crop • 100‐ 120 N lbs/acre at planting • Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium (2: 1: 2) • Additional N approx. month later, before flowering (50 lbs/acre)

Planting: Spacing • Transplants – 3 x 3 ft all the way to 6 x 6 ft • 1, 500 to 4, 000 plants an acre • $1‐$2 per seed • $4‐$8 per clone • $1, 500‐$32, 000 per acre

Planting: Equipment • Transplant into prepped beds, plastic beds, or no‐till cover • Water wheel • Closing wheel transplanter • 4 wheel tobacco setter

Water Management • Drip tape • Linear or center pivot irrigation • Traveling gun

Managing males • Non‐feminized seed – 50/50 • Need to be on constant lookout for males • Remove as soon as possible • Pollen is incredibly prolific • Experts recommend 3‐ 15 miles between CBD hemp and fiber/grain hemp

Determining sex • Cannabis plants have pre‐flowers at their nodes (where leaves and branches extend from the stalk) • By the sixth week, you should be able to find the pre‐flowers and confidently determine the sex of your plant • Remove male plants as well as hermaphroditic plants that show both sex types

Female and male pre‐flowers Female pre‐flower Male pre‐flower

Weed Management • No labeled herbicides or pesticides • Black plastic • Cover crop – clover, rye • Large enough spacing to mow • Row cultivation or hoes

Pest Management ‐ Insects • Aphids, mites, thrips • Insects that chew leaves of the plant (defoliators) – caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, cutworms • Stalk borers‐ European corn borer, Eurasian hemp borer • Corn earworm Eurasian hemp borer Cannabis aphid

Pest Management ‐ Insects • Biopesticides, soaps, and oils • Monitor visually and with sticky traps • Prune infested plants • Caterpillars, etc. removed by hand picking • Insectary plants grown around the perimeter can provide beneficial insects – green lacewings, syrphid flies, collops beetle, damsel bugs

Pest Management ‐ Disease • Midwest is more humid than west • Powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis) • Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) • Botryis – “bud rot”, inside flowers causing rot from inside out • Alternaria • Fusarium Powdery Mildew Gray Mold • Sclerotinia https: //www. blueskyorganics. com/growing‐science/top‐five‐cannabis‐diseases/

Pest Management ‐ Disease • May respond to oils, potassium bicarbonate, potassium phosphate • Spacing • Drip irrigation – less splash

Pest Management ‐ Vertebrates • Deer, humans, rabbits, mice, moles • Fences and other barriers • Traps • Cameras • Signs https: //www. treehugger. com/natural‐sciences/its‐not‐easy‐ being‐a‐hemp‐farmer. html

Harvest ‐ Cannabinoid Testing • High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) • Cannabis flower is dried and mixed with a solvent to extract cannabinoids • The solvent is pumped through a column that separates the cannabinoids based on their chemical properties

Harvest ‐ Cannabinoid Testing • Cannabinoids that are attracted to the material inside the column will travel slower and reach the detector at the end of the column later • The detected compounds are quantified • DATCP calculates Total THC as delta 9‐THC + (THCA *0. 877); round down so 0. 399 => 0. 3% https: //www. ssi. shimadzu. com/products/liquid‐chromatography/cannabis‐analyzer. html

CBD Harvest • Timing • Mid Sept – Mid October • Hand Harvest • Biomass – stems, leaves, flower buds – least labor intensive, least CBD • Flower – medium labor, high CBD • Trimmed flower – most labor, high CBD • Machinery – Debudders/Buckers

CBD Harvest • Drying • Not above 80°F • 1‐ 2 lbs dry flower plant • Hanging whole plants or branches • Fans • Humidity control • Take care for density • Hop and hemp dryers https: //www. darwinchambers. com/walk‐in‐chambers/drying‐rooms/

Other things to test for – heavy metals https: //www. kazmira‐llc. com/blog/how‐to‐read‐certificate‐of‐analysis‐of‐industrial‐hemp‐derived‐products/

Other things to test for ‐ pesticides https: //www. kazmira‐llc. com/blog/how‐to‐read‐certificate‐of‐analysis‐of‐industrial‐hemp‐derived‐products/

Other things to test for ‐ terpenes https: //www. kazmira‐llc. com/blog/how‐to‐read‐certificate‐of‐analysis‐of‐industrial‐hemp‐derived‐products/

Processing/CBD Extraction • CO 2 • Expensive equipment and a steep operational learning curve • End product is safe, potent, and free of chlorophyll • Ethanol • High‐grade grain alcohol extracts cannabinoids but destroys potentially beneficial plant waxes • Butane • Relatively low equipment and running cost • Dangerous • Produces flavorful extracts with higher terpene content than can be achieved by CO 2 extraction • Olive Oil • Can extract cannabis oils however it is perishable and should be be stored in a cool, dark place

Research https: //www. thetriminator. com/top‐cbd‐hemp‐strains/

Research Create new strains Cannabinoids, flavor, yield, flowering time, disease resistance, dual purpose • Understand genetics underlying traits of interest Figure out agronomic considerations Best varieties for Wisconsin, weed and pest control, fertility inputs (NPK) • Provide accurate information to hemp stakeholders • Webinars, courses, publications, field days

Thank you! Liz Binversie Dylan Bruce Tim Erdman Irwin Goldman Mike Petersen Leah Sandler Jon Schroeder Phil Simon Rodrigo Werle Forrest Woolery Mount Horeb Hemp Green Owl Wellness Wisconsin Hemp Scientific Legacy Hemp DATCP

Questions? https: //fyi. extension. wisc. edu/hemp/ Shelby Ellison: slrepinski@wisc. edu