HEMOGLOBIN HEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin or haemoglobin abbreviated Hb or
HEMOGLOBIN HEMOGLOBIN: Hemoglobin or haemoglobin, abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the ironcontaining oxygen-transport. Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs. Hemglobin or the red pigment is the most important constituent of RBCs. it gives the blood , its characteristics red color. NORMAL LEVELS: § Males: 14 -18 g/100 m. L § Females: 12 -16 g/100 m. L § Infants: 18 -23 g/100 m. L
STRUCTURE Hemoglobin belongs to the class of conjugated proteins , it consist of an iron –containing heme portion and a colorless protein part called globin. Heme is the pigment portion belongs to the class of compounds called protoporphyrins. Globin belongs to the class of proteins called globulins Globulin molecule has four polypeptide chains such as 2 alpha and 2 betachains. One molecule of heme is attached to each polypeptide chain of globin. One molecules of Hb molecule contains four heme molecules. each heme molecules contain one atom of iron and iron can combine with a a molecule of a O 2(two atoms of O 2). Therefore , one Hb molecule can combine with four molecules of O 2. The iron in heme is in the ferrous iron (Fe 2+) state
When Hb combines with four molecules of O 2 , oxyhemoglobin is formed The 1 gm of pure Hb can combines with 1. 39 m. L of oxygen when fully saturated , this is called oxygen carrying capacity of Hb. TYPES OF NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin is mainly two types: 1. adult Hb (Hb A) 2. Fetal Hb (Hb F) Functions of hemoglobin: a) Imparts red color to the blood. b) Helps to carry out the oxygen and other gases assisting the respiratory system. c) It has important role as buffer. d) It transport NO. e) Source of physiological active catabolites. f) Genetic resistance to malaria. etc ,
LEUKOCYTES white blood cells also called as leukocytes are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious diseases and foreign bodies.
TYPES OF WBCs On the basis of the morphology WBCs are classified into two types: 1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes 1. GRANULOCYTES: is a category of WBCs in the innate immunity characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. they are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (because of their various nucleus). TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES: 1. basophils 2. eosinophils 3. Neutrophils 1. basophils: basophils are the rarest leukocytes , which constitute only 0 -1% of the total WBCs. They have diameter of 10 -12 micro meter. § The nucleus is often irregular shaped. § These granules contain heparin , histamine , and serotonin ,
FUNCTIONS: Ø Basophils are involved in allergic reaction. Ø Involved in inflammatory and allergic reaction. Ø Leave capillaries and enter C. T as mast cell. Ø Release heparin, histamine and serotonin. 2. Eosinophils : the eosinophil is a specialized cell Of the immune system generally two lobes. § The nucleus is bilobed or spectacles shaped. FUNCTIONS: § They prevent the spread of local inflammatory process. § Larvicidal in parasitic infections. § Have a role in allergic inflammation.
3. Neutrophils: neutrophils constitute about 50 -70 % of the total WBCs they are multi lobed nucleus. FUNCTION: § The neutrophils constitute the first Defense against bacterial infections. § Neutrophils are actively phagocytic. § Release strong oxidant that destroy Bacteria. Ø AGRANULOCYTES : agranulocytes Are WBCs that have no distinct Granules in their cytoplasm. TYPES OF AGRANULOCYTES: 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes
1. lymphocytes : are WBCs that are Also one of the body’s main type Of immune cells. TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES: 1. T-cells 2. B-cells 3. natural killer (NK) 1. T-cells : is a type of lymphocyte , which develops in the thymus gland plays role in immune. 2. B-cells : B lymphocytes , are a type of WBCs of lymphocyte subtype They secrete antibodies bind to the specific Against it.
3. Natural killer (NK): a type of immune cells that Has small particles with enzymes that kill tumor Cells or cells infected with a virus. 2. MONOCYTES : Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macrophages. As a part of the innate immune system monocytes also influence the process of adaptive immunity. FUNCTION: § They help in the development of cell mediated immunity § They help in wound healing and tissue Remodeling. § They can lyse the tumors cells and Helps to prevents malignancies.
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