Hematology and Circulatory System Blood Heart Arteries Veins

Hematology and Circulatory System

˃Blood ˃Heart ˃Arteries ˃Veins ˃Capillaries STRUCTURE 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 2

» HEMAT- = blood » -OLOGY = the study of » The average adult has 8 – 10 pints. BLOOD 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 3

One drop of blood contains: ˃ 5 million RBCs ˃ 250, 000 -500, 000 platelets ˃ 7, 500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Make new blood cells 2 million per second! Blood 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 4

» Plasma » Erythrocytes » Leukocytes » Thrombocytes Structures of the blood 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 5

Plasma » Straw-colored liquid Plasma » Blood without cellular components » 55% of the blood’s volume ˃ Water Cellular elements ˃ Plasma proteins ˃ Nutrients ˃ Electrolytes ˃ Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes ˃ Waste products 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 6

» Fibrinogen - Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in liver » Albumin - From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume » Globulin ˃ Gamma globulin ˃ Prothrombin - helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis Plasma proteins 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system Plasma Cellular elements 7

ERYTHROCYTES/RBC » BICONCAVE DISK n HEMOGLOBIN - Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein » Transportation ˃ Oxygen ˃ Carbon dioxide » Arterial blood ˃ Lots of oxygen ˃ Bright red » Venous blood ˃ Lots of CO 2 ˃ Dark crimson 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 8

» LARGER THAN ERYTHROCYTES » FIVE TYPES LEUK/O/CYTES – WHITE CELLS LEUKOCYTES/WBC 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 9

» Agranulocytes-WITHOUT GRANULES 1. Lymphocytesantibody production, cellular immune response 2. Monocytes- immune defense LEUKOCYTES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 10

» Granulocytes- with granules 3. Neutrophils-immune response 4. Eosinophils-defense against parasites 5. Basophils-inflammatory response histamines release » PHAGOCYTOSIS ˃ Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria…. used by granulocytes and monocytes LEUKOCYTES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 11

˃ Smallest of solid components of blood ˃ Synthesized in red marrow ˃ Not cells, composed of fragments of cells ˃ Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process THROMBOCYTES/PLATELETS 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 12

Inherited from parents ˃ Determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell BLOOD TYPES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 13

» In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types. » Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 14

˃ Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies ˃ Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies ˃ Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies ˃ Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies BLOOD TYPES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 15

» Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen). » Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy. » Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type. RH FACTOR 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 16

» In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys. » When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted. RH FACTOR 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 17

» https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ttjn 1 j. V ACk 8 BLOOD TYPE YOU TUBE 18 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

» If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive. » If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative. RH FACTOR 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 19

ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS. RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies. 20 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

HEART • The heart is a double pump. • It has valves and chambers. • Can you name some 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 21

HEART Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve Pulmonary vein Right atrium Tricuspid valve Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Septum 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system Left atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve Pulmonary semilunar valve Left ventricle Apex 22

LAYERS OF THE HEART Left atrium Right atrium Pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Right ventricle Left ventricle 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 23

24 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

25 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

» Compare Systemic Circulation To Cardiopulmonary Circulation The transportation process 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 26

The transportation process Right side Left Side Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Body Lungs CO 2 and O 2 exchange (Schematic of systemic circulation) 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 27

Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES Heart Sounds = lubb dupp

ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF HEART CONTRACTIONS 1. SA (sino atrial) NODE = PACEMAKER » Located in right atrium » SA node sends out electrical impulse » Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract » Travels to AV Node 2. AV (atrio ventricular) NODE » Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle » Carries impulse to bundle of His

3. BUNDLE OF HIS » Conducting fibers in septum » Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles 4. PURKINJE FIBERS » Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

AV bundle or Bundle of HIS 32 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

» ARTERIES ˃ Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries. BRIGHT RED ˃ Elastic, muscular and thick-walled ˃ Transport blood under very high pressure ˃ Arteries > arterioles > capillaries VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 33

» VEINS ˃ Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart (NO O 2 JUST CO 2) ˃ Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries ˃ Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood ˃ Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart ˃ Veins > Venules > Capillaries VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 34

CAPILLARIES The smallest blood vessels Connect arterioles to venules. One cell thick…made of endothelial tissue STRUCTURES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 35

BLOOD PRESSURE Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries SYSTOLIC PRESSURE - measured during the contraction phase – (contraction phase of the heart is called systole) DIASTOLIC PRESSURE - measured when the ventricles are relaxed – (relaxation phase is called diastole) NORMAL- 120/80 36 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

PULSE - alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it. PULSE SITES: Brachial, Carotid, Radial, Popliteal, Pedal – NORMAL- 60 TO 80 PULSE SITES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 37

COMMON PULSE SITES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 38

» DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 39 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

» ANEMIA • Deficiency in number or % of red blood cells » IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA • Usually in women, children and adolescents • Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis • Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables DISORDERS

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA • Caused by deficiency of B 12 or intrinsic factor (produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B 12) • Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes • Treatment – injections of B 12 APLASTIC ANEMIA • Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells • Caused by drugs or radiation therapy 41 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system

» SICKLE CELL ANEMIA • Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents • Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape • Sickle cells break easily & carry less oxygen • Occurs primarily in blacks • Treatment – blood transfusion

» POLYCYTHEMIA • Too many red blood cells are formed • May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude » EMBOLISM • Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage • Also known as a “moving blood clot” » THROMBOSIS • The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel • The blood clot is a THROMBUS

» HEMATOMA • Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space • Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture » HEMOPHILIA • Hereditary • Missing clotting factor • Blood clots slow or abnormally • Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons • Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma » THROMBOCYTOPENIA • Not enough platelets • Blood will not clot properly

» LEUKEMIA • Malignant condition • Overproduction of immature white blood cells • Hinders synthesis of red cells » SEPTICEMIA • Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood

• Pus- cream colored liquid • Abscess- pus filed cavity • Pyrexia- fever • Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10, 000 per cubic centimeter) • Edema-excessive fluid in tissues

» VARICOSE VEINS-swollen and distended blood veins normally found superficially in the legs. CAUSE: excessive pressure on the veins. Pregnancy, obesity, long periods of standing. PREVENTION ˃ ˃ ˃ Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control 47 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) /STROKE: THROMBUS GETS STUCK IN ARTERY TO BRAIN 48 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» PULMONARY EDEMA» INCREASE IN FLUID IN THE LUNGS WHICH CAN RESULT IN DECREASE IN EXCHANGE IN O 2 AND CO 2 49 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE » CAUSE: PLAQUE BUILDUP, DIABETES CAN CAUSE IT » S/S: PAIN AND CRAMPING » TX: CLEANING OUT PLAGUE 50 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

MYOCARDINAL INFARCTION/HEART ATTACK/MI CAUSE: DECREASES HEART FLOW TO HEART TISSUE. S/S: INDIGESTION, HEAVY CRUSHING FEELING IN YOUR CHEST, PAIN IN YOUR LEFT ARM, ETC. TX: CPR, O 2, PACEMAKER ETC.

» MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 52 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» MURMURS » BLOOD IS LEAKING BACKWARDS DUE TO A FAULTY HEART VALVE. 53

» HEART FAILURE/CHF CONGESTED HEART FAILURE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART IS WORKING TWICE AS HARD TO PUSH THE BLOOD AROUND. EDEMA(SWELLING) FEEL LIKE YOU ARE BEING SUFFICATED/DROWNING 54 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» ANGINA PECTORIS/CHEST PAIN » LACK OF O 2 TO THE HEART MUSCLE » “WAKE UP CALL” » NITROGLYCERIN/02 55 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

MYELOMA The cause of myeloma is unknown SYMPTOMS: bruising, low blood counts, pain in you bones, » Treatment: High dose chemotherapy » stem cell infusion - called a stem cell transplant is often offered as a best way to control multiple myeloma for as long as possible. 56 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» Arrhythmia» irregular heart rate » BRADYCARDIA ˃ Slow heart rate (<60 beats per minute) » TACHYCARDIA ˃ Rapid heart rate (>100 beats per minute) 57 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

» ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: artery hardening due to age ATHERIOSCLEROSIS due to smoking, heredity, stress and lifestyle 58 2. 0 2 Un de rst an d the fu nct ion s an d dis or de rs

» CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE/CAD » CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT BLOOD FLOW TO HEART CAUSED BY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 59 2. 0 2 Un de rst an d the fu nct ion s an d dis or de rs

» HYPERTENSION/high blood pressure What factors influence the development of hypertension? Diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, smoking. Treatment: exercise, diet change , quit smoking, medication Why is it called the “silent killer? ” Quit taking medication cause a stroke or heart attack. 60 2. 0 2 Un de rst an d the fu nct ion s an d dis or de rs