Hematology Anatomy Physiology Turner College Career High School
- Slides: 34
Hematology Anatomy & Physiology Turner College & Career High School 2016
Objectives • Explain the structure of the blood. • Analyze the function of the blood. • Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders.
Structure of Blood Average adult: 8 -10 pints of blood. Composition: • Plasma– liquid portion of blood without cellular components. • Serum– plasma after a blood clot is formed. • Cellular components– (elements are red cells, white cells and platelets).
Plasma • Straw-colored, contains – • Water • Blood proteins • Plasma proteins • Fibronogen – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver • Albumin – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume • Prothrombin – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis. • Nutrients • Electrolytes • Hormones, vitamins, enzymes • Metabolic waster products
Erythrocytes Shape = biconcave disc donut-shaped. • Hemoglobin – gives red color • Heme is iron and globin is protein. • Function: transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells. • Normal • Men =14 -18 gm • Women = 12 -16 gm
Hemoglobin • Red cells travel through the lungs where O 2 is carried to tissues and released. • CO 2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange. • Arterial blood, lots of oxygen = bright red. • Venous blood, lots of CO 2 = dark crimson.
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide builds up in your bloodstream. When too much carbon monoxide is in the air, your body replaces the oxygen in your red blood cells with carbon monoxide. This can lead to serious tissue damage, or even death. • Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by burning gas, wood, propane, charcoal or other fuel. Improperly ventilated appliances and engines, particularly in a tightly sealed or enclosed space, may allow carbon monoxide to accumulate to dangerous levels.
Erythropoiesis Manufacture of red blood cells Occurs in bone marrow • Red cells live 120 days. • Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver. • Hemolysis – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.
Leukocytes White blood cells – leukocytes • Larger than erythrocytes. • Five types • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Normal leukocyte count = 3, 200– 9, 800.
Leukocytes
Phagocytosis • When white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria. • Basophils produce heparin, an anticoagulant. • Diapedesis: when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.
Phagocytosis
Inflammation Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation. Symptoms include redness, local heat, swelling and pain. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema). Histamine increases the blood flow to the injured area. Pus – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma. Abscess – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis. Pyrexia – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus in response to pathogenic invasion.
• Leukocytosis – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection • Leukopenia – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation
Thrombocytes (Platelets) • • Smallest of solid components of blood. Synthesized in red marrow. Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes. Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process coagulation.
Coagulation • Cut or injury platelets and injured tissue release thromboplastin act on prothrombin in plasma + calcium ions converts to thrombin the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes fibrinogen fibrin creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot. • Anticoagulants – prevent blood clotting • Heparin: anti-prothrombin • Prothrombin – dependent on vitamin K
Function of the Blood Four main functions: • Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones. • Aids in distribution of heat. • Regulates acid-base balance. • Helps protect against infection.
Blood Types • Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O. • Inherited from parents. • Determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.
Blood Types
Blood Types • Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body. • Someone with type a blood has b antibodies • Someone with type b blood has a antibodies • Someone with type ab blood has no antibodies • Someone with type o blood has a and b antibodies
Blood Types • Universal donor – O • Universal recipient – AB • Red cells also may contain Rh factor • If you have it, you’re Rh+ • If you don’t, you’re Rh–
Disorders of the Blood • Anemia • Iron-deficiency anemia • Aplastic anemia • Sickle cell anemia • Polycythemia • Embolism
Disorders of the Blood • Thrombosis • Hematoma • Hemophilia • Thrombocytopenia • Leukemia
Iron-Deficiency Anemia • Usually in women, children and adolescents. • Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis. • Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables.
Aplastic Anemia • Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells. • Caused by drugs or radiation therapy.
Sickle Cell Anemia • Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents. • Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape. • Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen. • Occurs primarily in blacks. • Treatment– blood transfusions.
Polycythemia • Too many red blood cells are formed. • May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude.
Embolism • Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage. • Also known as a “moving blood clot”.
Thrombosis • The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. • The blood clot is a thrombus.
Hematoma • Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space. • Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture.
Hemophilia • • Hereditary. Missing clotting factor. Blood clots slow or abnormally. Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons. • Treatment: with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma.
Thrombocytopenia • Not enough platelets. • Blood will not clot properly.
Leukemia • Malignant condition. • Overproduction of immature white blood cells. • Hinders synthesis of red cells. • Treatment: Research on cord blood.
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