Helicopter Management S372 Unit 8 Risk Management Unit

Helicopter Management S-372 Unit 8 - Risk Management Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -1 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Unit 8 - Objectives 1. Identify risk factors to manage risk within acceptable limits. 2. Given a scenario, complete a risk assessment matrix to determine the appropriate management level for a Go-No-Go decision. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -2 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management and Risk Assessment “Risk Management” and “Risk Assessment” are often use synonymously when, in fact they are different. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -3 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management • Risk management enables personnel at all levels to do exactly what the term implies—manage risks. • The term is best applied generically, as individuals are confronted by training risks, fiscal risks, and safety risks. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -4 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 An alternative method should always be considered for performance of a mission by ground. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -5 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk management is a five-step cyclic process that is easily integrated into the decision making process at all levels. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -6 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Any flight mission has a degree of risk which varies from 0% risk (no flight activity is conducted) to 100% (aircraft and/or personnel experience a mishap). RISK CONTINUUM 0% |-----------→-------→-----→| 100% (no flight activity (accident occurs) Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -7 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Levels of Risk Management 1. Time Critical An “on the run” mental or verbal review of the current situation using the basic risk management process without recording information. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -8 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 2. Deliberate The planning of operations on a daily level, addresses hazards before the actual mission and more likely to use a form of documentation. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -9 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 3. Strategic Is the process that deals in long range planning for complex missions or program development and review. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -10 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Assessment A process of assessing risk to identify hazards. Analyzes the degree of risk associated with each and places hazards in perspective relative to the mission or task. To arrive at a decision of whether or not to perform the flight mission. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -11 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 RISK ASSESSMENT Risk assessment should be conducted by those best qualified by training and experience to valuate a proposed flight or operation, such as: • Helicopter or Project Flight Manager • Helibase/Airbase Manager • Dispatcher • Unit Aviation Manager • Line Manager • The Pilot NOTE: Remember, the Pilot has the authority to decline any mission he or she considers excessively hazardous. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -12 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Five Steps to Risk Management 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unit 8 Risk Management Identification of Hazards Assessment of Hazards Making a Risk Decision Implementing Controls Supervision 8 -13 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Step 1 – Identification of Hazards Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -14 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Factors that Determine Hazards • Weather • Time of flight • Terrain • Equipment • Training and proficiency level of personnel Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -15 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied William Herbert Heinrich researched over 75, 000 industrial accidents and concluded: • For every accident there was an average of 300 “events” or “hazards” that could have forewarned people of the accident. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -16 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied What is a hazard? Any real or potential condition that can cause: • Mission degradation • Injury • Illness, or death to personnel • Damage/loss of equipment or property Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -17 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied RISK FACTORS are divided into four categories for hazard identification: • Man (generic) • Machine • Medium (environment) • Method Known as the “ 4 M’s Risk Factors” Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -18 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied “ 4 M’s Risk Factors” Man Medium Machine Method Risk can be reduced significantly by examining these elements Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -19 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management Man Unit 8 Risk Management S-372 • Crew experience – Flight experience and proficiency – Knowledge • Crew composition – Knowledge of each other – Cohesiveness – Changes to the crew • Fitness for flight – Physical state – Mental state • Attitudes and behavior – Contribute to high risk – Friendliness towards contractor 8 -20 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Machine • Capabilities and limitations • Certification • Reliability • Support • Special equipment Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -21 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Medium • • • Climatic environment Operational environment Hygienic environment Supervision Cultural norms – National – Organizational – Professional Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -22 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management Method Unit 8 Risk Management S-372 • • The desired outcome Mission objectives Alternatives Time requirements – Information availability and accuracy – Planning – Accomplishment • Complexity of the task • Standards, procedures, and controls • Resources available 8 -23 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Step 2 – Assessment of Hazards Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -24 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Each of the hazards is analyzed to determine: 1. The effect on personnel/equipment should a hazard be encountered. 2. The probability that a hazard will be encountered. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -25 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Effect – If a hazard is encountered during a mission, the effect may be: • Catastrophic – Death or serious injury • Critical – Serious injury, damaged equipment • Moderate – Mission accomplished, adverse effects • Negligible – No effect, mission accomplished Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -26 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Probability – The probability of encountering a hazard during a mission may be: • Frequent – Continuously or often • Likely – May encounter several times • Occasional – May encounter sporadically • Seldom – Encountered infrequently, remote • Unlikely – Rarely, possible, but improbable Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -27 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Risk Levels Extremely High – Very probable that mission cannot be accomplished without an accident. High Risk – Uncertainty whether mission can be accomplished without an accident. Medium Degree – Fairly certain mission can be accomplished safely, hazards exist but mitigated Low – Little or no impact, mission accomplished. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -28 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied How do you determine the hazard? • Determine the severity, probability and exposure with each hazard. • Determine the risk associated with the combined hazards. Initial assessment may indicate risk level(s) unacceptable. Once controls are implemented, risk level(s) may be at an acceptable level. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -29 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Step 3 – Making a Risk Decision Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -30 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Weigh the risk against the benefits of performing a mission. Be aware that the mentality, even during non-emergency missions may be missionoriented (get the job done). Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -31 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied This attitude on the part of the government representative may encourage pilots to take unnecessary risk in order to satisfy the customer (the government). It is to be avoided at all cost! Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -32 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Assessment Matrix Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -33 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Risk Decision Tips: • Involve operational personnel, especially those impacted by the risk decision. • Apply redundant risk controls when practical and cost effective. • Make risk decisions when benefit out ways the cost. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -34 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Composite Risk Level: HIGH Hazard Probability Effect Frequent Likely Occasionally Seldom Unlikely A B C D E Catastrophic I Critical II High Moderate III High Negligible IV High Event 1) Low Speed/Low altitude/over trees 2) Aircraft Operation w/doors removed 3) Unimproved Landing Zone 4) Crew Fatigue 5) Blade Strike 6) Engine Failure 7) Weather (1) Extreme (2) (3) (4) High (5) High (6)Medium (7) Medium Effect Catastrophic Critical Occasional Catastrophic Moderate Low Probability Frequent Occasional Likely Critical Unlikely Likely Risk Level Extreme High Medium These ratings based on unmitigated hazards Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -35 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Exercise: Risk Assessment As a class, complete a Risk Assessment using the Risk Assessment Matrix. The instructor will provide you with the information to complete the exercise. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -36 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Step 4 – Implementing Controls Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -37 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Included in this step is supervisory action to reduce or eliminate hazards. Controls may be as substantial as writing a special use plan or as simple as conducting a safety briefing. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -38 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Once controls are implemented, reassess the individual and combined hazards to ensure that risk have been mitigated to fall with an acceptable level of safety. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -39 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Incorporate selected controls into: • Standard Operating Procedures • Project Aviation Safety Plans (PASP) • Briefings – Who will do what, when? • Training • Communicate controls to the lowest level Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -40 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied What are controls? • Engineering • Distance • Restrict/Limit • Guard/Control • Time • Training/Education Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -41 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied The following must be taken while in-flight to reduce the risk: • Look for hazards and alert the pilot. • Stay above 500 feet AGL whenever possible. • Do not fly during poor visibility. • Perform a high level reconnaissance before descending below 500 feet AGL. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -42 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Step 5 - Supervision Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -43 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Follow-up during and after a mission to ensure all went according to plan, reevaluate the plan, make adjustments as required to accommodate unforeseen issues, and incorporating lessons learned for future use. A nightly debriefing is a good example of this. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -44 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Supervision Tips: • Brief – Ensure personnel know what to do • Follow-up – People are doing what is expected • Update – Evaluate the plan continually • Adjust – Make changes as issues arise • Debrief – After mission is completed • Incorporate – Lessons learned for future use Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -45 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Applied Four Principles of Risk • Accept no unnecessary risk. • Make risk decisions at the appropriate level. • Accept risk when benefits outweigh cost. • Integrate risk management at all planning levels. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -46 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Time Element in Risk Assessment Performing risk assessment is limited by the amount of time available for planning and requires flexibility and judgment by both pilots and air operations supervisors. Risk assessments can be divided into three categories according to time element. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -47 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Time Element in Risk Assessment A. Rapid Risk Assessment This type of assessment is required when planning time is minimal. For example, situations involving high-risk hazards associated with not flying (such as crews getting hypothermia if not supplied) as well as with flying. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -48 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Time Element in Risk Assessment Note – “Rapid” does not mean “hasty” or “uninformed” Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -49 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Time Element in Risk Assessment B. Deliberate Risk Assessment This type is used when planning time permits. It involves systematic risk identification, evaluation, consideration of control options and risk decision making, implementation of controls, and supervision. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -50 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Time Element in Risk Assessment This type of risk should be performed by: • Air Operations Branch Director completing the ICS-220. • Helibase Manager in briefing personnel and discussing intended missions. • Project personnel when planning a flight mission days or weeks in advance. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -51 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Time Element in Risk Assessment C. In-Depth Risk Assessment This type should be used in instances where new technology is being proposed, when risks appear high, and time and resources allow thorough assessment. Requires more sophisticated techniques and professional reviews. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -52 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management References • IHOG • Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) • Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -53 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 “Accidents do not occur because people gamble and lose, they occur because people do not believe that the accident that is about to occur is at all possible. ” Willem Albert Wagenaar Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -54 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Unit 8 - Objectives 1. Identify risk factors to manage risk within acceptable limits. 2. Given a scenario, complete a risk assessment matrix to determine the appropriate management level for a Go-No-Go decision. Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -55 -S 372 -PPT

Helicopter Management S-372 Risk Management Unit 8 Complete the Unit Quiz Unit 8 Risk Management 8 -56 -S 372 -PPT