HEAT Eng Robert Fairchild BEF CHa B Stove
HEAT Eng. Robert Fairchild BEF CHa. B Stove Camp The Farm Sept 2012
What is heat? • To an engineer – Heat is the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference • Hotter energy Colder
How does heat flow? • Conduction – through all materials • Convection – movement of fluids ( liquids and gasses) • Radiation -- between surfaces through vacuum/air/any medium that transmits electromagnetic radiation (light)
Conduction - through material • Qcond=(k/t)A(Thot-Tcold) • Linear Function of Area, Conductivity, and Temperature difference More heat flow with more area, higher conductance, higher temperature difference Less heat flow with greater thickness
Thermal Conductivity of Common Metals Heat Transfer, J. R. Holman, Mc. Graw Hill, 1978, pp. 10.
Convection-by movement of fluids • Qconv=h. A(Thot-Tcold) • Linear function of film conductance, area, temperature difference • Film conductance is a function of the velocity (speed) of fluid movement • More heat flow with more area, higher film conductance, higher temperature difference
Types of convection • Natural – caused by changes in density (and therefore buoyancy) of fluids as they are heated • Forced – caused by mechanical devices causing fluids to flow across the surface ( fan/blower or pump)
Heat Transfer, J. R. Holman, Mc. Graw Hill, 1978, pp. 13.
Radiation – by “light” Radiation is a linear function of emissivity, geometry (view factor), and area And the difference of the fourth powers of absolute temperature • Qrad=FεσFg. A(Thot 4 -T cold 4) Emissivity depends on “color” and surface finish
Energy Transport • Moving heated materials from the point of generation to the point of use • Generally done with liquids (water, antifreeze, oil) in pipes with pumps, gasses (generally air) in ducts with blowers • Can be done by moving hot solids (e. g. bricks)
Insulation • Any material that reduces the flow of heat -Batts, sheets, blocks, cast material to reduce conduction and convection reduced k or h -Radiative insulation reduce Fε (change “color” or finish) of sending and receiving surfaces reduce Fg (block the view)
Heat Exchangers • Devices designed to increase heat transfer – Increase surface area – Increase fluid velocities near surfaces – Decrease conductivity • change material • reduce thickness
Heat Exchanger Types and Examples • • • Gas to gas - small engine cooling fins Gas to liquid – firetube or watertube boiler Liquid to gas – car radiator, finned tube Liquid to liquid – tube in tank Radiant to air – solar air heater Radiant to water – solar water heater
Small Engine Cooling Fins
Fire Tube Boiler (Stanley Steamer) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vertical_fire-tube_boiler
Finned Tube
Tube in Tank
Solar air heater
Solar water heater
Shell and tube heat exchanger One fluid runs through the tubes. The other fluids runs past the tubes in the shell forced into a serpentine flow by baffles.
Barrel TLUD Heat Exchangers • Gas water heater tank with insulating skirt • Shell and tube air heater • Counterflow tubular air heater
Shell and tube HEx secondary fire tube baffles and air manifold nozzle fire tubes
Counterflow Tubular Heat Exchanger to get hot air from flue gasses • • 30 gallon drum inside 55 gallon drum 30 gallon drum with 4” stovepipes around conduits Seven 2” conduit fire tubes through drums Insulate around 4” stovepipes in 30 gallon drum Skirt and insulate around 55 gallon drum Blow secondary air into tubes with pipe manifold Blow air thru duct into upper side of 55 gallon drum Duct hot air out lower opposite side of 55 gallon drum
Counterflow HEx inner stovepipes around fire tubes
Heat Pipes • Use sealed container of fluid to move heat by evaporation and condensation cycle • http: //www. forsteel. cz/heatpipes. html
SOME USES FOR HEAT • • • • • Space heating Water heating Drying – fuel, forage, food, lumber, … Desiccant recharging Evaporation/Concentration – maple syrup, sugar, sorghum, juice, milk… Cooking Canning Water pasteurization Absorption cooling/ice production Heat engine-mechanical Heat engine - mechanical - electrical Thermoelectric generator (solid state generation of electricity from heat) Distillation – alcohol, potable water from seawater, water for batteries, … Accelerating bioprocesses: composting, biogas production, … Accelerating chemical reactions Melting for casting or densifying - wax, plastic, tin, zinc, lead … Melting of phase change materials for storage and/or remote use of heat
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