HEAD INJURIES Ms Rinta Rajan MSN CVTS HEAD

HEAD INJURIES Ms. Rinta Rajan MSN (CVTS)

HEAD INJURY/TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Traumatic brain injury is an insult to the brain that is capable of producing physical , intellectual , emotional , social and vocational changes.

ETIOLOGY Motor vehicle accidents Alcohol ingestion Driving without seat belts Assaults Falls Sports related injuries

MECHANISMS OF INJURY

Acceleration Rotational deceleration injuries

Deformation injury

Penetrating head injury

Types of craniocerebral trauma PRIMARY INJURY SECONDARY INJURY

PRIMARY INJURIES

Scalp injuries LACERATION • Clean the wound • Debridement • Suturing

ABRASION • CLEAN THE WOUND • APPLY DRESSING

Scalp contusion • SPONTANEOUSLY RESOLVES • NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT

SKULL FRACTURES LINEAR FRACTURE

BASAL SKULL FRACTURE

Depression fracture Comminuted fracture

Brain injuries Open head injury

Closed head injury

concussions

contusions

Diffuse axonal injury

Secondary head injuries

Diagnostic tests GCS Pupillary changes Brain stem reflexes Vital signs Skull X Ray CT Scan MRI PET SPECT Laboratory studies Cerebral blood flow studies

Medical management Oxygenation Mannitol Maintain ICP Corticosteroids Fluid replacement and fluid restriction Sedation Paralytic agents Temperature control Prevent hypovolemic shock Prevent complications

Surgical management

Nursing management

Thank you