Hazardous Waste Management a training manual for economically

Hazardous Waste Management: a training manual for economically developing countries some sample slides from the 26 chapters

The context: All countries generate hazardous waste 2

Per capita waste generation Source: SECRETARIAT OF THE BASEL CONVENTION (data as reported by the parties). World Bank, 1999 3

Non-industrial waste sources Some examples include: • motor oils • car batteries • pesticide residues and containers • Surplus paints and solvents • Medical wastes 4

Hazardous characteristics: Ignitability Ignitable wastes: • can create fires under certain conditions • or are spontaneously combustible Examples: Waste oils Used solvents Gasoline Organic cleaning materials Paints Butane spray cans 5

Exposure routes 6

Hazardous waste management system FACILITIES LEGISLATION ENFORCEMENT Hazardous waste management system ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS SERVICE SECTOR SUPPORT SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE ANCILLARY SERVICES 7

System Components Source: David C Wilson 1981 8

Waste hierarchy Source: David C Wilson 2001 9

Waste management evolution REACTIVE PROACTIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CLEANER PRODUCTION RECYCLING TREATMENT DILUTION Source: World Bank Technical Paper 93 (1989) 10

How to inform the public? • Use a variety of methods as ‘public’ is mixed • Be clear about objectives • Identify audience groups • Identify message(s) 11

Objectives of the Basel Convention To protect human health and the environment against adverse effects of hazardous wastes • Reduction of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes • Minimisation of generation - quantity and degree of hazard • Promotion of environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes 12

The production process Cleaner Production Waste prevention Source: based on a diagram by David Newby ERM 13

Tools for waste prevention and Cleaner Production • Economic instruments • Environmental Management Systems eg ISO 14 000, ISO 14001 • Life cycle assessment (LCA) • Auditing • Environmental impact assessment • Technology assessment eg En. TA • Eco-labels • Product design initiatives 14

Source reduction opportunities Source reduction Housekeeping improvement Product reformulation Input material alteration Technology alteration 15

Waste audit - key steps 6 main steps: identify plant operations define process inputs define process outputs assess material balance identify opportunities conduct feasibility study 16

Components of Legislation Generator Responsibilities Controls Recycling Transport Storage Treatment Disposal 17

Labelling Oxidising agent Flammable solid Spontaneously combustible Dangerous when wet 18

Types of waste exchange Information clearinghouse or material broker Waste generator Information on wastes available Information on wastes wanted Waste exchange Information on wastes available User Information on wastes wanted 19

Recycling technologies Recycling Technology Activated-carbon Absorption Distillation Steam Distillation Electrolytic Recovery Ion Exchange Hydrometallurgical Concentration Membrane Separation Evaporation Freeze-Crystallisation Waste Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 - Corrosive wastes 6 - Oil-containing wastes 2 - Cyanide containing wastes 7 - Metal containing wastes 3 - Halogenated solvents 8 - Organic containing wastes 4 - Non-halogenated solvents 9 - Reactive wastes 5 - Other organic wastes 20

Physico-chemical treatment 21 Source: David Newby

Physical treatment - example of application Filtration - Belt filter 22

Examples of technology: Rotary kiln incinerator 23

Completed landfill - cross section 24