Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center HINMREC Hawaii

Hawai’i National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HINMREC) Hawai’i Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) University of Hawai’i (UH) http: //hinmrec. hnei. hawaii. edu September 16, 2011

Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center ØFacilitate development of wave energy Conversion (WEC) systems; ØSupport Development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies 2

Hawaii Electricity Demand: Contribution Potential Island Oahu Wave Farm Challenge OTEC Challenge < 17% Siting: requires all >> 100% No prototype operational data shoreline segments; Storage: intermittent resource Maui < 75% “ >> 100% “ Hawaii < 150% “ >> 100% “ Kauai < 300% >> 100% “ Siting: requires 30% shoreline segments; Storage: intermittent resource Molokai < 2000% Storage: intermittent resource 3

Environmental Impact Studies Goal: inputs to EISs required for permitting and licensing of WEC & OTEC Ø Worked with federal regulatory agencies (FERC, BOEM, and NOAA) to define differences between ocean energy systems and already established regulated industrial activities: ØOTEC key differentiator: return of large amounts of deep seawater (“plume”) below the photic zone 4

Environmental Impact Studies ØOTEC plume impact can not be determined a priori; Ø Must monitor operations through an “Adaptive Management” Protocol; ØUH greatest contribution would be to design such Protocol. 5

OTEC Operations: Environmental Parameters Nutrients & Biological CTD Carbonate Cycle Nitrate *Temperature Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Phosphate *Salinity *p. H Silicate *Dissolved Oxygen Alkalinity *Chlorophyll a *Monitor at: (i) Plume Neutral Buoyancy Depth (“known”); (ii) Far Field (TBD) 6

Annex

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 9

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) ü Resource: Baseload energy production potential of at least 30% world wide consumption in tropical oceans around the world. Ninety-eight (98) nations have adequate OTEC resource within EEZ with direct application in Hawai’i and 5 US Trust Territories ü Technology: Uses temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water (1, 000 m) to generate electricity ü Technology status: - Electricity generation and simultaneous desalinated water production has been demonstrated 24/7 at experimental scale (~ 250 k. W) ü Industry technology development needs: Ø Economic models indicate scale of > 50 MW needed in USA to be economically viable; Ø Low cost manufacture and long-term testing of critical components, such as heat exchangers (HXs); Ø Deployment and testing of a pre-commercial OTEC plant (5 to 10 MW) to determine realistic costs, survivability, and environmental impact; Ø Sustained and substantial government support through pre-commercial demonstration is a critical requirement.

Two Year (July 2007 -June 2009) Average Temp. Difference {T 20 m – T 1000 m}

Hawaii Ocean Time Series Kahe Station : T Daily Averages Change 1°C in DT 15% change in Pnet. 12

98 nations with adequate OTEC resource within EEZ Theoretical Energy Production > 1/3 World Wide Consumption Source: http: //hinmrec. hnei. hawaii. edu