Have you ever considered that the cereal you

• Have you ever considered that the cereal you eat is brought to you each morning by the wind? • Or that the clear, cold, clean water drawn from your faucet may have been purified for you by a wetland? 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1

• Trees in your front yard work to trap dust, dirt and harmful gases from the air you breathe. • The medicine you take to ease a fever, or the achy muscles from a cold comes to you from Nature’s warehouse of services. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

Biodiversity Components of… copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Biodiversity—Components • Species Diversity • Genetic Diversity • Ecosystem Diversity Scientists will look at all these different factors to determine the biodiversity of an area. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4

Species diversity • number of species in a given area. – An island with 2 bird species and 1 lizard species is more diverse than an island with 3 bird species. – It’s numbers of species as well as categories of organisms. http: //www. al. nrcs. usda. gov/technical/photo/for/mng t/pine_plantation 2. jpg http: //www. ipgri. cgiar. org/themes/human/images/Vegetation_Cuba. jpg copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Higher Species Diversity Lower Species Diversity 11/2/2020 5

http: //www. sagarprabhu. com/gif/rice 5. gif Genetic diversity • Variations of genes within a species. – Lots of distinct populations within a species (lots of varieties of rice in India--all from same species) – Genetic Variation within the population as a whole (high in Indian rhinos, low in cheetahs) A few of the hundreds of rice varieties found in India. Some genetic diversity in potatoes … http: //www. potatoperspective. org/about_files/DSCN 7746. jpg 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6

• Variety of ecosystems within an area. Coniferous Forest meeting a meadow http: //www. naturalhomemagazine. com/ba ckissues/02 -01/living_color/beach. jpg http: //cropandsoil. oregonstate. edu/HJA_mo/images/ Lookout_meadow_vs_forest. jpg Ecosystem diversity 11/2/2020 – Wisconsin has about 9 different ecosystems, other states only have about 3, some >14, etc. – Very hard to measure due to overlapping boundary areas also called ecotones. Ocean meeting a beach copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7

Biodiversity Ecosystem Services copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ecosystem Services Moderating weather events… –Lessen the effects of droughts and floods –Protect streams/rivers and coastal shores from erosion 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9

Weather Events, egs • Plant roots can help buffer shores from erosion, holding the soil in place. • Large trees can shade the understory plants from the sun’s rays, helping them sustain a long period of drought. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10

Flood protection—WORTH? Mississippi River Valley • Humans drained the wetlands and altered stream channels. The wetlands have been controlling flooding for millennia. – 1993 floods: 12. 8 billion dollars – Hurricane Katrina: 82. 1 billion dollars 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11

Ecosystem Services • Maintain Soil quality – healthy bacteria, algae, fungi, mites, millipedes and worms help cycle nutrients 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12

Ecosystem Services • Maintain Air quality – plants purify the air and filter harmful particles out of the air 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13

Ecosystem Services • Maintain Water quality variety of vegetation reduces erosion and purifies water by removing (using or absorbing) nutrients and pollution 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14

Ecosystem Services—WORTH? Water Purification • When NYC had altered its ecosystem to eliminate the natural landscape, their water quality plummeted. • It would have cost them 6 -8 billion PLUS 300 million per year to install water treatment plants… • They instead restored the ruined landscape at a cost of $660 million. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15

Ecosystem Services Detoxify and decompose wastes – Many geochemical cycles (water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle) rely on microorganisms to decompose waste products to be used again 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16

Ecosystem Services • Control agricultural pests – most crop pests can be controlled by other organisms for a longer period of time – helpful Intercropping cocoa plants with coconut trees. because many pests become resistant to synthetic pesticides 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17

Ecosystem Services—WORTH? Pollination • 1/3 of human food comes from plants pollinated by wild pollinators • Over 100, 000 different animals—including bats, bees, flies, moths, beetles, birds and butterflies—provide FREE pollination services • This service would cost the US alone 4 – 6 billion dollars per year! 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18

Ecosystem Services http: //offthegridgirls. files. wordpress. com/2007/12/burdock. jpg Disperse seeds • Many plants rely on the wind or animals to disperse their seeds. http: //www. ontariowildflower. com/images/scat_elk. jpg http: //www. yallaroo. com. au/images/Seed_dispersal. JPG 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19

Ecosystem Services—WORTH? Medicines • 80% of the world’s population relies upon natural medicinal products. • Of the top 150 prescription drugs in the US, 118 originate from natural sources: – 74% from plants – 18% from fungi • 9 of the top 10 drugs come from natural plant products 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20

Ecosystem Services Photosynthesis! • Plants convert the sun’s energy into energy the rest of the world’s organisms can use. Without this service, there would be no life on the planet! 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21

Ecosystem Services Gas exchange • Plants and animals continuously cycle gases among themselves, the soil and the air. http: //www. kidsgeo. com/images/carbon-cycle. gif 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22

Ecosystem Services—Threats • Easy to take for granted, but human actions can limit or destroy these services – Growth in the human enterprise (population, consumption of goods, effects of technologies) – Looking to short term gain as opposed to long term health of society 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23

Ecosystem Services—Threats The HIPPO Dilemma • H—Habitat destruction/fragmentation • I—Invasive species • P—Population growth of HUMANS • P—Pollution • O--Overconsumption 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24

Habitat Destruction/Fragmentation • Changing a habitat to suit human needs…for housing, farming, etc. • This displaces animals/plants. As the human population grows, so does habitat destruction! 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25

Fragmentation • Breaking up large habitats into smaller habitats. • Creates an “edge” habitat where “inner” habitat used to be. Some plants and animals cannot adapt to these changes. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26

Invasive Species Oftentimes, invasive species out-compete native species resulting in disruption of the ecosystem and food chain. Many native organisms are becoming endangered by this! v. Any organism that has been relocated somewhere other than its original habitat. Synonyms include: Zebra Mussel 11/2/2020 Introduced species, nonnative species, exotic species and alien species Asian Beetle copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27

Population growth of Humans Ø Increasing population means greater demand for food, shelter, fuel and water. Ø This often leads to habitat loss, pollution, resource scarcity and overconsumption (in areas with enough money) Ø Humans are coming into greater (more frequent) contact with previously wild areas with high biodiversity http: //www 1. istockphoto. com/file_thumbview_approve/ 2222903/2/istockphoto_2222903_crowded_city. jpg http: //www. chbr. noaa. gov/categories/stressors/image s/pollution_sm. jpg 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28

Pollution o Pollution can alter the habitat to the point where some plants and animals will not be able to adapt. o Global Climate Change--many species are intolerant to changes in temperature--affects feeding relationships and breeding patterns. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 29

Pollution o Acid rain/Air pollution-these types of issues do not respect borders. US acid rain fell in Canada destroying sugar maple forests which upset the amount/quality of maple syrup produced. • Pesticide runoff—frequently pesticides will degrade an environment for most organisms in that ecosystem. 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30

Overconsumption § Individuals consuming many more resources than are needed to survive – sometimes even more than is needed for a high standard of life § Industrialized nations make up 25% of the world’s population, but use 75% of its resources. § US makes up only 5% of world’s pop-causes 33% of world’s pollution! 11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31

11/2/2020 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32