HASEEB RANA AND OMAR JANJUA 1 st PeriodTotaro

HASEEB RANA AND OMAR JANJUA 1 st Period/Totaro The Islamic Religion and Islamic Empire

Origins of Islam • Muhammad (570 -632 AD), the Prophet, was the founder of Islam • When he was 40, he was given messages from Allah • He spread these messages to his followers, which sprung Islam • He was known as the Messenger of Allah and the last prophet • Pictures of Muhammad are forbidden in Islam and is considered a sin M U H A M M A D T H E P R O P H E

Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities

Spread of Islam

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam • Monotheism Abrahamic Religion (believes in one God) • Judgment Day = Judged in front of Allah • Believes in Jesus/Moses/Abraham as Prophets • Afterlife: – Good Deeds = Heaven – Bad Deeds = Hell BELIEFS

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam • Reading the Quran (Holy Book) which is written in Arabic • Fasting for 30 days • Celebrating Eid/Ramadan TRADITIONS

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam • Not allowed to eat pork, nor drink alcohol • Five Pillars of Islam – Pilgrimage to Mecca – Fasting – Prayer (5 x a day) – Alms Giving – Belief in Allah CUSTOMS

• Trade routes were along Mecca and Medina

• Muslims were natural explorers • Used camels to reach distances that were impossible by foot • Had religious motivation • The Hindu-Kush and Himalayas made difficulty along with the desert for the Islamic travelers

Fertile Crescent • Abu-Bakr and the next 3 caliphs; Umar, Uthman, and Ali controlled all of Arabia • Under Uthman, the army took control of Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire • They also took parts of the Persian Empire • Uthman and Ali continued to expand the empire eastward and westward • By 750 the Muslim empire stretched 6000 miles

Political Unity of the first Islamic Empire was short-lived • Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil war with groups in need of power • Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, Uthman’s successor gets murdered in 661 • Systems of Caliphs ends • Begins the Umayyads reign

Spread of Arabic/Trade

Slavery • NOT based on RACE • Prisoners of war/children of prisoners • Slaves had religious rights

• The Umayyad's took • Sunni- Did not resist over and started a rule of Umayyad’s and hereditary system of were followers of succession Muhammad’s example • Surrounded themselves • Shi’a- Resisted with wealth and Umayyad’s and ceremony like nonbelieved that the Muslims person responsible of spreading • Brought a division in Muhammad’s example the community MUST be a relative

Capital Moved to Baghdad

• In 732 AD • Christians stopped Muslim spread into Western Europe • Christians were victorious

Fall of Baghdad to Mongols • Occurred in 1258 • Left Baghdad destroyed • 100, 000 -1 million dead • Sacked and burned • Everything was destroyed, including libraries

CULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS DOME OF THE ROCK

ISLAMIC MOSAICS

UNIVERSITIES

TRANSLATIONS • Greek works were translated into Arabic • Other works were also translated, as well • This helped to preserve knowledge

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS ARABIC NUMBERS

ALGEBRA • Al-Khwarizmi invented the idea of Algebra • Wrote a text book in the 800’s explaining the art of bring together unknown to match quantities • He called it Al-Jabr, which is known as Algebra

• Al-Razi wrote the Comprehensive Book • Believed recovery from clean air • Used hospitals • Contributed greatly to the growth of medicine and healthier lifestyles

CALLIGRAPHY • Art of Beautiful Handwriting

Geographic Knowledge • Had many updated maps • Was familiar with the geographic area • Spread knowledge with trade

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