Has English become the st 21 Centurys Linguistic

Has English become the st 21 Century’s Linguistic Bully? Brian Loo Soon Hua The Language Show 15 th November 2019

GUESS THE STARBUCKS!

Why English?

The Dominance of English 3 main reasons: historical, geographicalpolitical and socio-cultural

The Trends • Regions and languages most affected • Vocabulary most affected • Areas of society most affected

The Effects • • • Extinction Compromise Complete Rejection of English

Patterns of Borrowings • • Pure borrowing – teksi (“taxi”) in Malay, 麦克� (Màikèfēng = “microphone”) in Chinese, パイロット(pairotto = “pilot”) in Japanese, basi (“bus”) in Swahili, �� (sek = “sex”) in Thai Calques (adaptations) : ﻗﻨﺎﺓ (qana = “channel dug into the ground” or “aqueduct” used to mean “Youtube Channel”, for example) in Arabic, lune de miel (from “honeymoon”) in French and bulan madu (also from “honeymoon”) in Malay, herunterladen (“download”) in German, jélii łóóʼ in Navajo

Historical

Image source - arrantpedantry. com/2014/12/01/celtic-and-the-history-of-the-english-language

The British Empire • The expansion of the British Empire brought English to every continent on Earth from North America (US, Canada) to South America (British Guyana) to countless countries in Asia and Africa • In North America - Expansion of English in the US and Canada wiped out several indigenous languages Language of governance in many ex-colonies Influence of American English after World War 2 • America established as a global power • Troops remain in many countries

Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

Linguistic Decline • After the Spanish-American War, Guam was administered by the US Navy. • Executive General Order 13, Article 4 (1900): All residents are recommended to utilize every available opportunity to learn how to read, write and speak the English language, thereby improving their own mental condition as well as preparing themselves for assisting their children who are required by law to attend school. - Captain Richard P. Leary, first US Naval Governor of Guam Source: https: //www. guampedia. com/us-naval-er -language-policies/

“…few school children could speak English with any degree of efficiency ” - Governor Adelbert Althouse (1922) - Governor Althouse ordered Chamorro. English dictionaries to be burned - A strict “No Chamorro” rule was enforced in classrooms and playgrounds.

• Strict enforcement of the English language for school children who went past fourth grade. • Children received a “ticket” when caught speaking Chamorro. However, if another student was caught, then the ticket would be passed on to the new offender. Whoever was left with the ticket at the end of the day would face corporal punishment. Monetary fines replaced the ticket system in the 1930 s. • In Brittany, a similar system known as le symbole or la vache was employed by the French government to encourage Breton children to speak French. th • 19 -Century Gaelic-speaking students in Ireland were similarly punished using the “tally stick” or bata scóir.

Geographical and Political

English has become first language of nations with much larger populations that its Ursprungregion • 60 million speakers of English in the UK • 400 million L 1 speakers globally • A billion L 2 speakers Extremely influential areas where English has gained a foothold • Indian Subcontinent – influence of British Raj and English as lingua franca in diverse linguistic area • The Southern Hemisphere • Trade routes e. g. Australia, NZ, South Africa Some have made a conscious effort to adopt English • Rwanda • University of Pretoria • Belgian football team The Increasing Political/Economic Dominance of the United States post-WW 2 Official language of many international bodies • WHO • UNESCO • UNICEF

Socio-cultural

Pop culture Global News • The New York Times • BBC • CNN English is ‘cool’… • Биг Тейсти / Бизнес Ланч • French fast food chain ‘Quick’ • fare lo shopping Literature • The Canterbury Tales • The King James Bible • The printing press Prestige language Education and academia Medicine Computer coding Sport

Image source - reddit. com/r/etymologymaps/comments/9 ia 4 uo/etymology_map_for_the_word_basketball_in_europe/ (Posted byu/kikikaja)

Linguistic

Simple grammar • No nominal gender • Few irregular verbs • Very little inflection • No cases Simple orthography • No need for unusual diacritics like many other European languages • Not a vast amount of letter shapes and forms required (compare to Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Indian languages) Borrows loanwords • Chocolate (xocolatl or chicolatl), avocado (ahuacatl), tsunami, judo, guitar, shampoo, coyote (coyotl) Early standardisation English has a large vocabulary • Neologisms

Anglicisms and Americanisms worldwide English is everywhere

Household brands in Japan and Vietnam • Hoover, Band-aid, Frisbee, Scotch tape, Ping-pong, Aspirin, Kleenex Consumer Products • Clothing - Jeans, Umbrella • Tippex, Makeup, Lipstick • Food - Kiwi, Beer, Hotdog, Burger Internet and social media vocal • Computer, Laptop, Wi. Fi • ‘Download, “Upload” used in languages as diverse as Maltese and Swahili Pop culture terminology in Thai and Indonesian Thai - �� “violin”, �� , “TV”, �� “film”, �� “Valentine’s Day”, Indonesian slang - ngedate ‘To go on a date”, ngafe “to go to a cafe”, ngedrug “to do drugs”, “Ngedrug bikin happy? ” (“Does taking drugs make you happy? ”) Transport • Taxi, Train • International Shipping and Air-traffic control

такси - taxi - taxa - taksi - taxi - ταξί - taksi - ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻰ -タクシー- tacsi - taxi - taxík taksi - такси- taksówka - taxi - �� - ithekisi - teksi - thekisi - taxi - teksi - taksi �� - xe tắc xi -택시- teksi - tacsaí - itekisi - taksi - táxi - tekisii - �� - ��- �� - taksi - tassì taxi - taxia - taxi - tagsaidh - taksometrs - taksi - tagzi - taasi - �� taksi - таксі- taksi - taksee - �� - Taxi - ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻲ - tagsi - tēkihi - �� - Taxi - taksi �� - такси- taxi - le taxi - taxat - taksî - ට කසය - такси- taksi - takisii - �� - taxi - takisi - taxi - ታኽሲ - taksi - takisi - taxi taksi - tagisi - �� - itagisi - pere'o'o taxi - taksi - tassì - taxi - tassì - taksije taaksii leigubíll - ta'avale la'u pāsese - drosje - 出租� - �� muchovha - מונית �� -

jean - Jeans - jeans - джинсы - jeans - par jeans - τζιν - ﺟﻴﻨﺰ -ジーンズ- jîns - jeans džíny - дънки- dżinsy - �� - amajeans - jinzi - dijini - seluar jeans – jeans �� - quần jean - jean trousis - jíons - iijini - xhinse - calça jeans - �� - ��- �� - ﺟﻴﻨﺰ - jeans - džinsi - džinsai - ጂንስ - jinz - jins - джинси- djins jeenyn - �� - d'Jeans - ﺟﻴﻨﺰ - jiinis - Jeans - jins - �� - жинсэн өмд - jini pataloha jean - jeans - jean - джинсы- cins - джынсы- жинси- - ҷинс - jinsy - jinzi lī - �� - jjiini - ĝinzo - de jeansbroek - jins - ﺟﻴﻨﺰ - jiin - jeans jeansmåvhkah – jiinsii - buluku la jini - �� 牛仔� - 청바지 - gallabuxur - denimbroek - maong - tangakalii - bakeroak - tāngari koorput - vaqueiro - mano - 'ahu parata - spijkerbroek - calças de ganga - olabukse farkut - rifle - traperice - blugii

telephone -Telefon - teléfono - telefono - телефон - telefoon - telefone - telefon τηλέφωνο - telefon - טלפון - ﺗﻠﻴﻔﻮﻥ - ffôn - telefon - telefón - telefon -телефон- telefonul �� - ٹیﻠیﻔﻮﻥ - ﺗﻠﻔﻦ - telefon - telepon - telefon – telefone - telefoni - �� - ��- �� - telefon - telèfonu - telèfon - telefonoa - teléfono - fòn - telefonas - telefòn - telepono -телефон- telefòn - �� - Telefon - telefoon �� - Telefon - �� - телефон утас - telefaona - telephone telefon - ට ලෆ න එක - телефон- telefon - тэлефон- telefoni - �� telefoni - teléfono - ተለፎን - telepono - telefono - talevoni - telefoon - tilpun - terefone �� - telefono - teléfono - telefunu - phone - telefovne puhelin - ﻫﺎﺗﻒ - ucingo - simu - mogala - sími - điện thoại cố định - way - oqarasuaat essimu - lamya - niuniu parau - wootekaay - bilbila - an guthán - umnxeba - ekwentị ero ibanisoro - çhellvane - waea - runhare - �� - 電話 - 전화기 - 電話 - ទរសពទ - �� tālrunis

Time, numbers, colours

Tumbuka English Chichewa English Pink chimoza one wani koloko one o’clock pinc Welsh viwiri two faifi koloko five o’clock pịnk Igbo vitatu three eiti koloko eight o’clock pingi Shona vinayi four hafu pasti wani half past one pīniki Samoan vinkhonde five piqi Fijian khumi ten Dark Blue khumi na vinkhonde fifteen Swahili English bluu kolevu Swahili makhumi yawiri twenty Januari January dak bluu Igbo Shona twenty-one Februari February bhuruu yakanyanya twenty-five Agosti August bbulu omukwafu Luganda thirty Desemba December dark blue Tumbuka

Hybrid Language

Franglais • Re-looking, Le Fooding, Je suit worn out, Bruncher, Tweeter, Liker (FB post) • Tracksuit bottoms are known as “un jogging” which one wears to “faire un footing” - and remember to take your clothes to “le pressing” Chiac • Check ça out!, Je vais crosser la street, Walker Hinglish • Do this na? , Many thanks ji, Toh (‘so’), What is your good name? , Prepone (a meeting), Stop acting jungli! Singlish • Why you so kaypoh? (Why are you such a busybody? ), Let’s go tapau dinner! (Let’s go get a takeaway for dinner), Sorry lah! I dropped your phone, so paiseh! (Sorry! I dropped your phone, I’m so embarrassed!)

Language replacement and eventual extinction

Indigenous languages in the British Isles • Gradual but persistent threat from English > Celtic languages have become disrespected and neglected • Lack of literature • Emigration, immigration • Elementary Education Act 1870 • Welsh Not, bata scoir, la vache Indigenous languages in North America • Many are in even worse situations: Extinct - Beothuk, Pentlatch, Tsetsaut, Wyandot, Laurentian. Endangered - Achumawi, Clallam, Coeur d’Alene, Comanche, Hupa, Lushootseed, Tanacross, Tolowa, Wintu etc. Australian Aboriginal languages • Many are now extinct or are becoming replaced by English-derived creoles ▪ Warlpiri is quite vibrant and younger speakers are developing a mixed language called Light Warlpiri, mixing Warlpiri with English but with new syntactic structures. Maori • Officially recognised but usage has receded in the past century or so in favour of English among Maori community

Efforts of and effects on minority languages

Manx • Very strong body to look after the language as well as several eminent individuals who took charge of the revitalization • When new Manx lexicon is needed, they look to the translation of the Bible and to its sister language, Irish • Jellyfish: “smug-raun” • Bible tells us how to use hyphens and apostrophes Scottish Gaelic • Now supported on Google Translate Scots • Decline of the concept of a prestige language the concept of prestige language Cornish • Reclaiming place names e. g. Liskeard > Lyskerrys. Looe > Logh (from loch - pond), Falmouth > Aberfala • European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages • Akademi Kernewek: ‘Where a root word exists within the current Cornish corpus, that shall form the basis of neologisms. Where there is no root word within the Cornish corpus, then cognates shall be sought within the corpus of Welsh and Breton to form the basis of a neologism. In other cases, the etymology of the English word shall be investigated, to determine a suitable basis for the neologism. ’

Hawaiian • Hawaiian Lexicon Committee: attic - ka lumi huna (ceiling room), Autumn - ka hāʻulelau, avocado - ka pea mekiko, backpack - ke ʻeke hāʻawe, bark (of tree) - ka ʻili, bow (of boat) - ka ihu, catamaran - ka waʻapā kaulua Kalaallisut • Increasing numbers of speakers • Language shift in Greenland • Official language in 2009 Navajo • Resistant to English due to grammar. Creates new words for animals, television etc. • Code talking - few loan words and no writing systems til 1950 s = little chance of anyone tuning in to any elements of it • Navajo vocabulary: nahat’e’iitsoh (“big thing that hops around” = kangaroo), Nahat’e’iitsoh Bikéyah “Kangaroo Country” = Australia • atsiin diniih azee’ = “head-pain-medicine” or “aspirin / panadol” • béésh bee hane’é = “metal with which stories are told” or “telephone” • naalkidí = “moving thing seen with the eyes” or “movie” - níłchʼi naalkidí = “air movie” or “television” Warlpiri • Borrowing English vocabulary since the 19 th Century - “rayipuli” (“rifle”), “puluku” for “cow” (“bullock”), “makiti” from “gun” (“musket”), “warrki-jarrimi” (“to work”)

Igbo • Borrows English loanwords but often subjects them to Igbo spelling e. g. mịịlk, maapụ, bọketị, tọọchị • Also creates its own lexicon e. g. plane = ụgbọ elu French • Académie française and Loi Toubon • Banning the word ‘hashtag’ Korean • National Institute of the Korean Language (mostly to replace Japanese terms) Japanese • Borrowed English verbs are conjugated with an auxiliary verb - suru - “to play tennis” is “tenisu suru” Mandarin Chinese • Generally more conservative: does not accommodate the spelling of English loan words • Apparently the number has increased in the last 10 years as younger people have increased proficiency Icelandic • linguistic purism and the Íslensk málstöð - computer (tölva) - from ‘number’ and ‘prophetess’, Wi. Fi (þráðlaust), phone (sími) - from the word for ‘thread’, electricity (rafmagn) - from ‘amber’ and ‘power’, tourist (ferðamaður) - from ‘journey’ and ‘man’, taxi (leigubíll) - from ‘rent’ and ‘car’, kite (flugdreki) - from ‘fly’ and ‘dragon’, bike (reiðhjól) - from ‘riding’ and ‘wheel’, plane (flugvél) - from ‘flight’ and ‘machine’, radio (útvarp) - from ‘out’ and ‘projecting’, mobile (farsími) - from ‘journey’ and ‘phone

Brian Loo Soon Hua Blog: languagestolearn. com IG: linguaphile_brian

D 18 next to the CIOL stand