HARRY HARLOW By Nobuko Brady Harry Frederic Israel
HARRY HARLOW By Nobuko Brady
Harry Frederic Israel • Born on October 31 st, 1905 • Grew up in Fairfield, southeast Iowa • Small and shy
Israel Family • Alonzo (Lon) Harlow Israel • Dropped out of medical school • Good at inventing – washer • Ran a general store with Mable • Mable Rock Israel • Small • Not a warm woman
Israel Family • 4 boys • Robert, Delmer, Harry, Hue • Not attending to church • couldn’t find their denomination • Seen as not very social • Parenting style • Did not raise the boys to be conformers • Encouraged the boys to be successful
Elementary to High school • Loved writing poems and drawing • Wrote 14 classmates poems • topped out on an aptitude test by University of Iowa. • Graduated from high school in 1923 • “be famous”
College • A year at Reed College • Got interested in Zoology • Transferred to Stanford • Got C+ in English • Changed his major to Psychology
Stanford University • Mentors • Calvin Stone • Walter Miles • Lewis Terman • Stanford-Binet IQ test • Research on gifted students • Dissertation • Feeding habits in baby rats
Name change and Job at UW • Terman suggested to change name • Israel to Harlow for prejudice towards Jews at that time • Accepted as an assistant Psychology professor in 1930 • Only 4 professors • Old rat lab for research
Clara Mears • Harry’s graduate student • One of Terman’s gifted students • Smart, friendly, and warm • Harry and Clara got married n May 7 th, 1932 • UW rule • Clara dropped out Ph. D Program • Worked at a department store
Animal experiments • Rats are the main research animal • Harry experimented on cats and frogs • Clara suggested orangutans • Harry went to Henry Vilas Zoo • intelligence test on Orangutans & Baboon • intellectually curious • fell in love with one of Harry’s student • Harry decided to study monkeys
Abraham Maslow • Harry’s first graduate student • Hierarchy of needs • Dissertation • Hierarchy of primates at the zoo
The st 1 Primate Lab at UW • After 2 years, Harry was finally offered a primate research lab • An abandoned building • Renovated and built an outside cage • Football players • Poor students
Animal Intelligence • Monkeys in the lab escaped often • Harry believed in “Animal intelligence” • Behaviorism was big • Animals can be conditioned but are not intelligent and have no emotions. • Harry was not against classical conditioning • But did not cover everything.
WGTA (1938) • Wisconsin General Test Apparatus • Became famous among primates research • Skinner also approved
Rhesus Macaques • Cheapest kind of monkeys • Still one of the most used monkeys for research • Smart and show humanistic behaviors • Used WGTA
Curiosity • Monkeys who get treats vs no treats • Monkeys who did NOT get treats did BETTER on the intelligence test. • Less distracted • Monkeys do not try to learn for food • They are curious. • This was not conditioning, this was learning.
End of st 1 Marriage • Harry and Clara had two sons • Stressed about his private life • Spend most of his time at the lab • Took his son to the lab but never talked to him • On September 6, 1946, Clara and Harry divorced • Clara took the boys with her to Rhode island
Goon Park • Nick name of Psychology department at UW-Madison • 600 N. Park • An uneasy atmosphere in the department • Members did not speak to each other • Professors blamed others for stealing each other’s work
Margaret(Peggy) Kuenne • Harry’s fellow researcher • Beautiful and smart • Had wedding on February 4 th, 1948 • UW forced Peggy quit as a researcher • Hired as an unofficial editor at the lab • Had two children • Work is first, Family is second
Harry Harlow’s personality • Sarcastic • Edgy • Completely opposed to sentiment • Not a good father • Perfect for his job – very objective • Research love as science
Isolation Practices • Orphanages – “Baby killers” • ¼ of babies born between 1850 to 1900 died before they turned 4 • In some orphanages, the death rate was 100% of babies younger than 1 • sicknesses & diseases • Isolation • Doctors thought this is the way to resolve this problem • Keep no germ environments • Touching or hugging were seen as unnecessary • The death rate reduced, however, babies were dying 7 times faster than toddlers.
Love research before Harry • Watson • Love and affections between parents and child do not naturally exist • emotions have to be controlled • Babies have to be push towards independence • Spitz • Babies stayed in orphanage, others went to childcare in a female jail. • Babies who had interaction with girls in the jail was healthier • Bowlby • Attachment theory
Harry’s Research: Mother Love • Harry started separating baby monkeys from others. • Based on the idea of isolated children’s hospital at that time • Baby monkeys started being weird and Harry wondered why • Bill Mason • Graduate student from Stanford • Idea of comparing monkeys with cloth and without cloth • Harry connected Mason’s idea with his thoughts about mother love
Wire Mother vs Cloth Mother • Two types of mothers • Wire and Cloth • Method • 4 monkeys with wire mothers with milk and cloth mothers without milk • 4 monkeys with wire mothers without milk and cloth mothers with milk
Results • Up to 6 months, both group spend most of their times with the cloth mother • An average of 18 hours a day on cloth mother • Less than 1 -2 hours on the wire mother • “Contact comfort” • provided by the softness of the cloth covering • Mother love • Extension of research • Scared by a toy • Open field • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Or. NBEhzjg 8 I • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_O 60 TYAIg. C 4&t=1 s
Spreading “the Nature of Love” • Harry became a president of American Psychological Association(APA) in 1958 • His research - “The Nature of Love” • He became very busy after he published his work • Harry’s data was more scientific so it was accepted • Allowed other studies about attachment to be affirmed.
After damage • Monkeys who were in this experiment started acting weird • Screaming, biting themselves, pulling out their hair • Curling up in a corner • Researchers did not know why this happened • No give and take of love
Social intelligence • Social Intelligence… the ability to get along with others • Monkeys grew up with only their mothers or with another monkey in the same cage • Not socially and mentally healthy • Baby monkeys were lacking “social intelligence” • Timing of different stages of social development is important • Interacting with others is vital. • Babies first have to feel comfort and security
Nuclear Family • Started and ran by Peggy Harlow • Father, mother, and siblings • Play with other monkeys – Play is important • Need more than one relationship • Love is not made from only one relationship, but from many relationships • The most healthy mokneys
Monster mothers • To see if mothers cause mental illness • 4 monster mothers • • With a spike (not sharp edge) Blew a strong air Pushed the monkey away Shook the monkey off • Baby Monkeys came back • Hold mothers even more stronger • Interpreted those monkeys with human abused children
Harry’s success and depression • Became the president of National Institutes of Health (NIH) primate research center in Madison in 1967 • Only one in the Midwest • The first primatologist to win the National Medal of Science. • Harry was not very happy • Harry became depressed • Peggy was diagnosed with breast cancer in the same year
Dark research • Isolation experiment on new born baby monkeys • 30 days • Some of them refused to eat after they got out from the cage and died. • 6 months • A year • Bullied by other monkeys • No sexual feeling • “Rape Rack” • Have no love for their children
Dark Research • Pit of despair • V shaped chamber • After 3 days, monkeys stopped trying to get out • Monkeys became very depressed • Even those who were previously healthy
Baby therapists • Baby monkeys were used as therapists • Integrated with depressed monkeys • Interacted with them • Depressed monkeys slowly recovered • Peer therapy • Can be a remedy for isolated children
Peggy’s death • Peggy could not finish her nuclear family experiment • Died on August 11, 1971 • Admitted as a psychology professor right before her death
Later Life • Remarried to Clara in 1972 • He was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease • Clara and Harry moved to Arizona • Harry missed Wisconsin • 40 years in Madison • At the end of 1970’s he got worse • Drinking, smoking, not much sleeping, Peggy’s death, Parkinson… • Died on December 6 th, 1981
Criticisms • Feminist • Place in society as a mother • Animal rights • Cruel experiments • “rape rack”, “pit of despair” • Targeted Harry’s fellows • Needed coldly objective data to advance psychology
Harry’s Influence • Changed psychology in a better way • Showing affection and compassion for babies is normal now • His experiments are used for studying treatment for abused children • Love is survival • “ You have to learn how to love before you learn how to live. ”
Discussion Questions • Do you think his results justify his methods for his experiments? Why? • Can you think of a different way to do it? • Do you think his study will be allowed today? • UW-Madison – tried replication. How might this have affected Harry’s original study? • Harry changed the way the society looks at affection on children. Are there any ways that the power of science has changed society’s perception?
- Slides: 39