Hardware Input Processing and Output Devices Chapter 3

Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3 MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 1

Principles and Learning Objectives • Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. – Describe how to select and organize computer system components to support information system objectives and business organization needs. MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 2

Principles and Learning Objectives • When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization. Your choice of a particular computer system device should always allow for later improvements. – Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central processing and memory devices. – Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of secondary storage devices. – Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and output devices. – Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each. MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 3

Hardware Components • • • Central processing unit (CPU) Primary storage (main memory; memory) Secondary storage Input devices Output devices MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 4

Hardware Components MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 5

Hardware Components in Action • • Step 1: Fetch instruction Step 2: Decode instruction Step 3: Execute the instruction Step 4: Store results MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 6

Hardware Components in Action MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 7

Processing & Memory Devices MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 8

Processing Characteristics and Functions • Machine cycle time is measured in: – Microseconds (1 millionth) – Nanoseconds (1 billionth) – Picoseconds (1 trillionth) – MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second) MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 9

Processing Characteristics and Functions • Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time – Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second – Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second • Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 10

Clock Speed MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 11

Wordlength and Bus Line Width • Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer • Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit • Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 12

Physical Characteristics of the CPU • Digital circuits on chips • Electrical current flows through silicon • Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 13

Physical Characteristics of the CPU • Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance • Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 14

Moore’s Law MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 15

Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing • Complex instruction set computing (CISC) places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible • Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 16

Memory Characteristics and Functions MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 17

Storage Capacity MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 18

Types of Memory MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 19

Types of RAM • EDO (Extended Data Out) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 20

Types of ROM • ROM (read-only memory) • PROM (programmable read-only memory) • EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 21

Cache Memory MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 22

Multiprocessing • Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time • Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 23

Massively Parallel Processing MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 24

Secondary Storage MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 25

Secondary Storage • Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy • Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 26

Secondary Storage MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 27

Access Methods • Sequential: records must be retrieved in order – Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) • Direct: records can be retrieved in any order – Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs) MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 28

Devices • • Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Magneto-optical (MO) disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs) MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 29

Types of Secondary Storage MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 30

Magnetic Disks MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 31

Storage Area Network MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 32

Digital Versatile Disk MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 33

Additional Devices and Media • Memory cards • Flash memory • Expandable storage MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 34

Expandable Storage MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 35

Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 36

Characteristics and Functionality • Data - can be human or machine readable • Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form • Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system • Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 37

Input and Output Devices MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 38

Input Devices • Personal computer input devices – Keyboard – Mouse • Voice-recognition devices • Digital cameras • Terminals MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 39

Digital Computer Cameras MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 40

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 41

Output Devices • • Display monitors Printers and plotters Music devices Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) – Active matrix – Passive matrix MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 42

Printers MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 43

Computer System Types MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 44

Computer System Types MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 45

Standards MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 46

Standards MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 47

Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems • Hard drive considerations • Main memory considerations • Printer considerations MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 48

Price List MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 49

Summary • Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS • Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle • Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data • Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan 50