Hardware Input Processing and Output Devices Chapter 3

Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3 Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 1

Chapter 3 Outline • Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology • Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed and Capacity – memory characteristics and functions • Secondary Storage • Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer Systems • Computer System Types, Standards, Selecting and Upgrading Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 2

Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 3

Hardware Components • 1. Processor (CPU) • 2. Memory (primary storage) • 3. Secondary storage • 4. Input devices • 5. Output devices • 6. Communications devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 4

How A Computer Thinks: The Processor • Step 1: Fetch instruction • Step 2: Decode instruction • Step 3: Execute the instruction • Step 4: Store results Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 5

Processing & Memory Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 6

Processing Characteristics and Functions • Machine cycle time is measured in: – Microseconds (1 millionth) – Nanoseconds (1 billionth) – Picoseconds (1 trillionth) – MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second) • Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time – Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second – Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second • Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 7

Clock Speed Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 8

Wordlength and Bus Line Width • Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer • Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed together as a unit. Equal to the size of the processor’s registers. • Bus lines: electrical circuits used as central paths for data flow. • Bus line width: number of “lanes” on the bus available for carrying data. Should match word size. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 9

Physical Characteristics of the CPU • Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance • Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 10

History of Computing: Eniac 5 • • Built during WWII: The first electronic computer Used huge numbers of vacuum tubes. These often broke down and had to be replaced. The term “computer bug” comes from the fact that moths would sometimes get into the vacuum tube arrays and be the source of some of the tubes breaking down. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 11

Semiconductors or Solid State Electronics • Using these, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain (1947) created the first “solid state” transistor, essentially an electronically controlled switch, • Made using semiconductors but much more durable than a vacuum tube. • The 2 nd generation of computers were the first to use solid state technology. • Their Central Processing Units (CPUs) were built on large scale circuit boards. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 12

Integrated Circuits • In 1958, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments created the first “Integrate Circuit”, shrinking the size of the semiconductor transistors. • Integrated circuits (ICs) make possible the creation of complex circuits on a single chip. • The first IC-based microprocessors (“CPU on a chip”) were manufactured around 1970. • This led to the creation of the microcomputer. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 13

Moore’s Law • Intel’s first microprocessor, the 4004, was manufactured in 1971, had 4 bit words and 1 kilobyte of primary memory. • The miniaturization of the integration circuits has continued at a rapid, more or less predictable pace since the 1960 s. • Intel’s Gordon Moore, seeing this trend, used it to predict the no. of possible transistors on a chip and/or trends in processing power. • IC technology will eventually be replaced by some other technology, but should continue for about 10 years. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 14

Moore’s Law - transistor density/processing power on an integrate circuit doubles every 18 months Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 15

CISC and RISC • Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible • Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 16

memory characteristics and functions Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 17

Storage Capacity Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 18

Memory Types • Random Access Memory (RAM) Types: –EDO (Extended Data Out) –DRAM (Dynamic RAM) –SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) • Read Only Memory (ROM) Types: –ROM –PROM (programmable ROM) –EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 19

Cache Memory Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 20

Multiprocessing • Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time • Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 21

Massively Parallel Processing Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 22

Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 23

Secondary Storage • Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy • Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 24

Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 25

Access Methods • Sequential: records must be retrieved in order – Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) • Direct: records can be retrieved in any order – Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 26

Storage Devices • • Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Magneto-optical (MO) disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 27

Magnetic Disks Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 28

Storage Area Network Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 29

Digital Versatile Disk Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 30

Additional Devices and Media • Memory cards • Flash memory • Expandable storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 31

Expandable Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 32

Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 33

Characteristics and Functionality • Data - can be human or machine readable • Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form • Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system • Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 34

Input and Output Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 35

Input Devices • Personal computer input devices – Keyboard – Mouse • Voice-recognition devices • Digital cameras • Terminals Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 36

Digital Computer Cameras Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 37

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 38

Output Devices • • Display monitors Printers and plotters Music devices Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) – Active matrix – Passive matrix Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 39

Printers Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 40

Computer System Types, Standards, Selecting, and Upgrading Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 41

Computer System Types Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 42

Computer System Types Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 43

Standards Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 44

Standards Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 45

Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems • Hard drive considerations • Main memory considerations • Printer considerations Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 46

Example of Price Lists Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 47

Summary • Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS • Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle • Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data • Common forms of secondary storage magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 48

Principles and Learning Objectives • Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. – DESCRIBE HOW TO SELECT AND ORGANIZE COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SUPPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM OBJECTIVES AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATION NEEDS Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 49

Principles and Learning Objectives • When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. – DESCRIBE THE POWER, SPEED, AND CAPACITY OF CENTRAL PROCESSING AND MEMORY DEVICES. – DESCRIBE THE ACCESS METHODS, CAPACITY, AND PORTABILITY OF SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES. – DISCUSS THE SPEED, FUNCTIONALITY, AND IMPORTANCE OF INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES. – IDENTIFY POPULAR CLASSES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND DISCUSS THE ROLE OF EACH. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 50

End of Chapter 3 Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 51