Hardware Computer Organization Hardware Software n A computer

Hardware -Computer Organization

Hardware & Software n A computer system consists of – Hardware: anything you can touch, smell, break, is hardware. n Monitor, printer, mouse, RAM, CPU – Software: programs that tell the computer what to do n Word, Excel, IE, Windows XP&Vista,

Software, data, & processing ? n n n A computer has no insight or intuition It must be told what to do by instructions A program: a sequence of instructions Data: user data and application data User data: data entered by a user – The text of a report you entered n Application data: supplied by a program – Initial font, spacing between lines, etc in MS WORD

Software, data, & processing ? n Processing: – a computer follows programs in working with data n Computer application: – a program and its application data n Software – Programs, in old days – Computer applications, now

Universal Machines n Different applications make the computer to perform different functions or tasks – virtual machines – MS WORD – typewriter – MS Excel – Calculator – Cell phone sw – Cell phone n Without software, a computer would NOT be useful at all

Main Hardware Components n Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Direct all operations in the computer – Synonyms: the brain, processors, microprocessors n Main memory or memory – Holds the data and instructions during processing – Synonyms: Random Access Memory (RAM) n Input/output (I/O) devices – Allow the CPU to interact with users – Keyboards, monitors, printers, disks, etc. – Sensors – interact with the environment

Main components in a machine? Network System Unit Input CPU Output Memory Disk

How are components connected? n Integrated circuits – chips – CPU, memory, etc n Buses – Electrical passage between chips n Motherboard – Circuit board hosting all the components n Cards/Adapters/Controllers: – Circuit boards for I/O devices – Network card, video card, modem, etc.

How are components connected? Bus Monitor Keyboard Disk CPU RAM

What does the “brain” look like?

What the components look like?

Types of Computers n Hardware Classifications – Microcomputers - their processor on a single chip. Commonly used by individuals – Minicomputers - the size of a file cabinet or desk. Used in small organizations – Mainframe Computers - large systems that fill a room. process large amounts of data – Super Computers - perform very complex numerical calculations at high speed. used for the solution of scientific (and military) problems

Microcomputers n n n Laptop or notebook – portable, use battery, touchpad, stick, keyboard and flat panel display. Tablet computer -- swivel screen, touch screen, stylus, keyboard. Sub-notebook - a small light notebook - 7" or smaller display, weigh 2 pounds or less. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) - a specialized computer - touch screen for entering data, and built in applications -- calendar, address book, photo viewer, calculator, etc. Smartphones – PDA with phone capability

Types of Computers n Functional Classifications – Server - primary task is to store and retrieve large quantities of data often of a specific type, e. g. , database server, a Web server. or a mail server. – Workstation - running a variant of UNIX designed to be used by only one person. used in medical research, digital imaging, and engineering. – Embedded computer systems - run single programs and are embedded in a larger system, such as automobiles, microwave ovens, electric toothbrushes, DVD players. This classification accounts for more than 90% of the CPUs in use today. – Portable Data Entry Terminals - handheld devices used to record data

Summary n Hardware components – – n CPU, memory, I/O devices Connected together by buses Circuits combined in chips Chips placed on cards/board Software and Information – – – Instructions: tell the computer what to do Application data: used by programs User data: processed by programs

Terminology n n n n Hardware Software CPU Main memory Storage I/O devices Bus Chip and casing n n n n Card Expansion slots Instructions Programs Computer applications Processing Data