HARD ENGINEERING Cost Example Rip Rap Rock Armour

HARD ENGINEERING Cost Example Rip Rap / Rock Armour Recurved sea wall Groynes Insert an image for revision How it works Advantages Disadvantages

SOFT ENGINEERING Cost Example Marsh Creation Beach Nourishment Managed Retreat Sand Dune Regeneration Picture How it works Advantages Disadvantages

Mappleton, Holderness Rock Armour £ 3, 000 per metre How it works This is a simple strategy that involves the dumping of huge boulders of rock at the base of a cliff. These rocks help the wave to break and in doing so they absorb the wave energy Advantages 1) Relatively cheap and easy to maintain. 2) Can provide interest to the coast. 3) Often used for fishing. Disadvantages 1) Expensive to transport 2) They do not blend with the local geology. 3) Can be very obtrusive.

Blackpool, NW England Sea Wall £ 6, 000 per metre How it works Sea walls are concrete or rock barriers placed at the foot of cliffs or at the top of a beach. They have curved faces to reflect the waves back into the sea. Usually 3 -5 m high. Advantages 1) Effective at stopping sea. 2) Often have walkways or promenades for people to walk 3) Residents feel safe Disadvantages 1) Cost up to £ 6 m per square km. C an be obstructive and unnatural to look at. 2) Also very expensive and have high maintenance costs.

Mappleton, Holderness Groynes £ 7, 000 each groyne How it works Timber or rock structures built on the beach and stretch into sea. They trap sediment being moved by longshore drift, thereby enlarging beach. Advantages 1) Result in a bigger beach more tourists 2) Provide useful structures for people interested in fishing. 3) Relatively inexpensive. Disadvantages 1) No LSD: increased erosion downstream (Holderness) 2) Problem is not solved but rather shifted. 3) Groynes are unnatural and unattractive

Northey Island, Essex Managed Retreat Depends How it works Allows land to flood. Good option if there is considerable risk of flooding, cliff collapse, and where the land is relatively low in value. Poor quality grazing land, for example, is not worth protecting if the costs of the defences outweigh the benefits. Advantages 1) Cheap 2) It can also be beneficial to plants and animals by providing new habitat Disadvantages 1) This method is highly controversial however, as land is lost and the human cost can be greater than just financial.

Landcross, North Devon Marsh Creation £ 7, 500 per acre How it works Marsh creation involves allowing low-lying coastal areas to be flooded by the sea to become salt marshes. This is an example of managed retreat. Salt marshes are effective barriers to the sea Advantages 1) Cheap compared with maintaining expensive sea defences that might be protecting relatively low-value land. 2) Creates a much-needed habitat for wildlife. Disadvantages 1) Land will be lost as it is flooded by sea water. 2) Farmers or landowners will need to be compensated.

Seaton Sluice Dune Regeneration £ 200 per metre How it works Sand dunes are effective buffers to the sea yet they are easily damaged and destroyed, especially by human activity. Marram grass can be planted to stabilise the dunes and help them to develop. Advantages 1) Maintains a natural coastal environment that is popular with people and wildlife, 2) Relatively cheap. Disadvantages 1) Time-consuming to plant marram grass 2) People sometimes dispute being prohibited

£ 3000 per Cancun, Beach Nourishment metre Mexico How it works Addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher/broader. The sediment is usually obtained locally so that it blends in with existing beach material. Usually brought onshore by barge. Advantages 1) Relatively cheap and easy to maintain. 2) Blends in with existing beach. 3) Increases tourist potential by creating a bigger beach. Disadvantages 1) Constant maintence

Hard and Soft Engineering Animation • http: //www. bbc. co. uk/education/clips/z 397 m p 3

4) Hard and soft engineering strategies are used to manage the coast. Choose either hard engineering or soft engineering and explain why it is the better strategy. (8 marks) Plan your question here – use the key markers: 3) ma Stud the nage y Fig pre me ure dic nt a 15 o ted lon n ch g th the an b ge e Ho oard st o t lder , wh he nes ich co s c ast oa show lin stli sc e. (4 ne. E oast ma xp al rks lain ) 2 ? ( g rin e ine g is at en d ar h h W 1) 2) Describe the advantages of hard engineering (4 marks) m s) k r a

What is hard engineering • The building of entirely artificial structures (1) using various materials such as rock (1) concrete (1) and steel (1) • 2 marks

Describe the advantages of Hard Engineering (4 marks) Can you write a mark scheme? ü What should be included ü Example L 1 answer ü Example L 2 answer ü CMI annotation: structure of answer

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Consolidate: Exam Question Hard and soft engineering strategies are used to manage the coast. Choose either hard engineering or soft engineering and explain why it is the better strategy. (8 marks) 8 minutes

8 mark question MS