Harappan Civilization Harappan society and its neighbors ca

Harappan Civilization

Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B. C. E.

Harappan Location n n Northwest India/Pakistan Indus River Valley

Harappan Culture n Writing on bricks and seals – we cannot read the writing – So… who knows?

Mohenjo-daro : aerial view

Mohenjo-daro of the “Citadel” view

The “Great Bath”

another view of the “Great Bath”

view of a small, side street

looks like a small tower, but actually it is a neighborhood well

A bathroom on a private residence

A public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient laundromat. . .

A large drain or sewer

Harappan granary

A priest? A bull

Disappearance n Not sure why – Changes in Monsoons – Indo-European invasion – Changes in river flow

The Aryan Invasion n n Indo-Europeans Light-skinned Spoke Sanskrit Brought: – Hinduism – Caste System

Sanskrit n n Descended from the Indo-European mother language Closely related to Greek and Latin

The Vedas n n Means “knowledge” Aryan oral tradition Later written down The sacred text for Hinduism

Hinduism The world’s oldest practiced religion

Goal of Hinduism Moksha: “release or liberation” Escape from the cycle of reincarnation to be united with the Brahman

Basic Beliefs v. Spirit is trapped in a cycle of rebirth v. People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence depending on their karma (actions) from the present life. v. People may be reborn as plants or animals or they may be elevated to a higher caste as a human.

Brahman: essence of reality “There is only one God, but endless are his aspects and endless are his names”

Other “personalities” of Brahman SHIVA VISHNU

Avatars of Vishnu Krishna Rama

Goddesses Lakshmi Saraswati

Kali

Sacred Cow of India

Caste System n System of social stratification – Aryans put themselves at the top – Lighter skin = higher caste

Castes – form of social stratification n define a person’s social universe – Who they can interact with – Who they can marry n define a person’s standard of conduct – What can they eat? n define a person’s future – What jobs can they perform?

Untouchables n n n Some centuries later, the Aryans added the category of untouchables The untouchables performed dirty or unpleasant tasks such as butchering animals or handling dead bodies Such work made them become so polluted that Members of the untouchable class dispose of corpses after the 2004 their very touch could tsunami defile individuals of higher status

Buddhism It has been said that “as Judaism is to Christianity, so is Hinduism is to Buddhism. ” Buddhism arose out of Hinduism as a direct result of the influence of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha or “Enlightened One; the religious worldview of the Buddhist is very similar to the Hindu worldview, but it is important to recognize that Buddhism is very much distinct from Hinduism. Buddhism is the world’s fourth largest religion, comprising around 6% of the world’s population. The 350, 000 adherents to the religion are found mainly in China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indochina, Korea, and Tibet. There around 800, 000 Buddhists in the U. S.

The life of Siddhartha Gautama n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=C 9 Ao Zj_FPz. U

Origins & Beliefs of Buddhism n n Like Hinduism, Buddha accepted reincarnation, but he rejected the multiple gods. He shared the concept of enlightenment by a belief in nirvana, or a release from selfishness and pain. The final goals of both Hinduism and Buddhism are similar – both involve a perfect state of understanding and a break from the chain of reincarnation (Nirvana).

Origins & Beliefs of Buddhism n In his first sermon, Buddha outlined the Four Noble Truths of his faith: n First Noble Truth: Life is filled with suffering & sorrow n Second Noble Truth: The Cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world n Third Noble Truth: The way to end all suffering is to end all desire n Fourth Noble Truth: The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires & denial.

The Eightfold Path n “What is the Middle Way? It is the Noble Eightfold Path – Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livlihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This is the Middle Way. ” n Buddha, from Samyutta Nikaya Dharma Wheel, often used to symbolize the Eightfold Path

The Eightfold Path Wisdom 1) Right View – know the truth 2) Right Intention – resist self-centeredness Ethical Conduct 3) Right Speech – refrain from unkind, negative speech 4) Right Action – respect all life 5) Right Livelihood – work for the good of others Mental Discipline 6) Right Awareness – elevate one’s thoughts beyond the haze of emotion and mood 7) Right Effort – free the mind of evil 8) Right Meditation – practice the discipline of meditation

Yoda and Buddha

Spread of Indian Trade n n n India has always been known for natural resources, especially spices, diamonds, sapphires, gold, pearls, and beautiful woods. Trade was carried out along routes that carried as far west as Turkey. One of these routes was the Silk Road from China to Rome. Increased trade led to the rise of banking in Europe which would help bring an end to the Dark Ages in Europe Later - Sea trade encouraged the spice trade to Europe (this will be why America is discovered) Trade also causes Buddhism to spread to Nepal, Tibet, China and Japan.

Ancient China

Importance of Rivers

rivers agriculture populations cities specialization hierarchy

YELLOW RIVER YANGZI RIVER

Population Growth • Settlements began to crop up along the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers – Created a need for recognized authorities who could maintain order, resolve disputes, and organize public works projects – Village-level organizations could only act locally • Small dynasties followed that extended their control over progressively larger regions

Characteristics of a Civilization • • • Intensive agricultural techniques Specialization of labor Cities A social hierarchy (mandate of heaven) Organized religion and education (Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddism) • Development of complex forms of economic exchange • Development of new technologies • Advanced development of the arts. (This can include writing. )

Crops • Initially, millet was the main crop (especially in the north) • Sometime thereafter, the Chinese began cultivating rice (especially in the south where the Yangzi River is less prone than the Yellow River to devastating floods) – Extensive rice production would require developing a complex irrigation system (made possible by the centralizing authority of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties)

Distinct Characteristics • • • Silk (play how silk is made) Bronze weapons and chariots Ancestor worship Family = most important Chopsticks Writing

Dynasties • A ruling family • Chinese history is divided into dynastic periods

Shang Dynasty (17 st until 11 th B. C. ) • Cradle of Chinese civilization – Based on agriculture – Developed a writing system – High level of civilization: bronze workmanship • Ruled by kings – Cities were centers of glittering court life – Court rituals honoring ancestors – Slaves buried alive in royal tombs

Oracle bone with early ideographic script Shang Culture

An example of Shang bronze religious objects

More bronze ware, with early ideograms

A bronze temple bell -many will strike two distinct and separate notes, depending on which part of the bell is struck

Social Hierarchy: Shang and early Zhou • Royal family and allied noble families – Resided in large, palatial compounds and lived on the agricultural surplus and taxes delivered by their subjects • Privileged class of hereditary aristocrats – Rose from the military allies of the rulers – Possessed extensive land holdings and performed military and administrative tasks – Some access to education for those who lived in cities – Detailed rules of etiquette during Zhou era

Zhou dynasty 1100 -256 B. C. Zhou invaders were also eventually absorbed into Chinese society

Social Hierarchy: Ancient Shang and early Zhou • Small class of free artisans and craftsmen – Lived in cities – Those who worked almost extensively for the privileged classes lived reasonably comfortably • Peasants – Semi-servile class that lived in the countryside and did not own land – Provided agricultural, military, and labor services for lords in exchange for plots to cultivate, security, and a portion of the harvest • Slaves – Most were captured enemy warriors – Performed hard labor that required a large work force such as clearing fields or building city walls – During the Shang Dynasty many were victims of human sacrifice during funerals and other religious and ritual observances

Feudalism • Nobles own land • King taxes nobles to pay for national projects • Peasants work, pay the nobles most of their crops in return for being allowed to live on the land.

Sun Tzu “The Art of War” • Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general, strategist, and philosopher during the Zhou dynasty's. He is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as the author of The Art of War and as a legendary historical figure.

The Period of the Warring States, ca. 500 B. C.

Zhou Dynasty 10 th until 2 nd century B. C. • • Capital at Hao (near Xi’an) in Wei Valley Ruled much of China north of Yangtze river Extended Shang culture Early rule: Feudal – Decentralized; control based on family ties • Later: City States – Central control over local governments – Impersonal political and economic institutions – Culture: philosophy, poetry and prose

Qin (221 until 207 B. C. ) • Achievements: – Standardized language & Writing – Standardized currency – Standardized measurements – Public Works • Great Wall (started, Many different versions) • Roads & Irrigation canals • Leader: Shi Huangdi

Early Chinese Money

What was the purpose of this wall? Did it work?

China under the Qin dynasty, 221207 B. C. E.

What is left of the Qin Great Wall

Great Wall DBQ

Three Chinese Philosophies • Daoism • Legalism • Confucianism

Daoism (Taoism) • • Probably rose during the Zhou dynasty Focus on nature Non-action or “effortless doing” Kindness, Simplicity, and Modesty

* Feminine * Masculine * Passive * Active * Darkness * Light * Cold * Warmth * Weak * Strong * Earth; Moon * Heaven; Sun https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ezm. R 9 Attpyc

Legalism • The leader determines what’s right and wrong • No need for morality

Confucianism • • Popularized during the Han dynasty Desired the “good old days” Respect for ancestors, family, morality Confucius sayings… – What one does not wish for oneself, one ought not do to anyone else… • proper training, education, and aptitude make a “gentleman” – not simply birth into a certain family