Hannukah The Maccabean Revolt Alexander the Great http

Hannukah The Maccabean Revolt

Alexander the Great http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=MQf. Bin. Qw. PGs&feature=email

Alexander the Macedonian

Hellenistic Period • 332 BCE Alexander the Great conquers Palestine • 323 BCE Alexander dies – Diadochi, Ptolemy in Egypt, Seleucus in Syria • 301 -201 BCE Ptolemaic Rule – Allowed to continue as semiautonomous • 201 BCE Seleucid conquest of Palestine • 175 -171 Jason High Priest – bribes Antiochus IV for high priesthood – builds gymnasium in Jerusalem which becomes a polis – “Antioch” • 171 -167 Menelaus High Priest – Converts temple into pagan shrine, YHVH=Zeus=Baal Shamin • 168 -164 Maccabean Revolt • 167 -166 Antiochus IV decrees persecution • 164 Judah conquers Jerusalem and rededicates the Temple

From the Hasmoneans to Roman Revolt

Judah the Maccabee • 167 -160 BCE • Led the revolt against the Seleucids • Purified the Temple in 164 BCE

Jonathan • Ruler 161 -143 BCE • first Hasmonean to be High Priest in 153 BCE

Simon • Ethnarch and High Priest • 142 -135 BCE • Is granted tax exemption from Demetrius II • Removes Seleucid garrison in Jerusalem • Gains total political independence • Murdered by his son-inlaw together with two older sons

John Hyrcanus • Ethnarch and High Priest • 134 -104 BCE • Forced the Idumeans to convert (including Antipater’s father, grandfather of Herod) • Destroys Samaritan Temple in 128 BCE

Aristobulus I • King and High Priest • 104 -103 BCE • First to call himself king • Imprisons mother and three brothers. Kills another brother. • Married to Salome Alexandra

Alexander Yannai • King and High Priest • 103 -76 BCE • Married Salome Alexandra, his brother’s widow • Practiced Sadduecean law and was pelted by Etrogim. Kills 6, 000 Jews in retaliations. • Killed 50, 000 in civil war. • Crucified 800 Pharisees • Advises his wife before dying to yield to the Pharisees!

Salome Alexandra & Sons • Salome is queen of Judea 76 -67 BCE • Her two sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II fight over the crown. Both appeal for help from the Romans. • Pompey imprisons Aristobulus II and makes Hyrcanus II high priest in 63 BCE. • Hyrcanus serves 63 -40 BCE • Antignos serves 40 -37 BCE • Herod marries Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus.

Hasmonean Conquests

BCE] _ ____|______ _ _____ | | | Mattathias Judah ____ [ ? -134 BCE] [ ? - 134 BCE] 5. Johanan Hyrcanus [ruled 134 -104 BCE] ____ _ _____|____ | | 6. Aristobulus I (Judah) _____ | 10. Hyrcanus II (Jonathan) | Alexandra | | Aristobulus IV Alexander [ruled 104 -103 BCE] Antigonus (Matthew) [ ? - 104 BCE] [ruled 63 -40 (d. 30) BCE] [ ? - 28 BCE] _ | 7. Alexander Jannai (Jonathan) [ruled 103 -76 BCE] _ | 9. Aristobulus II (Judah) [ruled 67 -63 (d. 49) BCE] Alexander = [ ? - 49 BCE] | [ ? - 35 BCE] ____ | 11. Antigonus (Matthew) [ruled 40 -37 BCE] | Aristobulus III [ruled 76 -67 BCE] ____| |_______ | _____ 8. Salome Alexandra = Mariamne = [ ? - 29 BCE] 12. Herod (the Great) [ruled 38 -4 BCE] ____ [ ca 31 - 7 BCE] | _____ [ ca 30 - 7 BCE]

Pompey

Pompey Enters the Holy of Holies • The first Roman to subdue the Jews and set foot into their Temple by right of conquest was Gnaeus Pompey: thereafter it was a matter of common knowledge that there were no representations of the gods within, but that the place was empty and the secret shrine contained nothing. Tacitus Histories 5. 11 -12

Herod the Great

Herod • http: //www. biblehistory. com/herod_the_great/ • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=B 73 Qmr Lw. LZw • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ta 0 Le. O qt. COE&feature=Play. List&p=56135 C 212 B 5479 D 5&index=0&playnext=1

Herod the Great • Ruled 37 BCE – 4 BCE • He was a despot and a murderer, but he built nice buildings • 31 BCE Earthquake in Palestine kills 30, 000. Massive relief effort. • Had ten wives. He executed Mariamme and three sons. • Hated by Pharisees and Sadducees • Begins Temple rebuilding in 20 BCE

Israel under Herod the Great

Herod’s Buildings

Fortresses: Masada

Fortress: Herodium

Caesarea – City on the Water

Herod the Great Executioner • 36 BCE appointed Aristobulus III, his brother-in-law as high priest. Herod has him drowned soon after his inauguration. • 30 BCE puts Hyrcanus II to death for plotting with the enemy. • 29 BCE Puts his wife Mariamne on trial for adultery and executes her. • 28 BCE Kills Alexandra his mother-in-law without trial. • 7 BCE Accuses two sons by Mariamne of treason and executes them. • 4 BCE Accuses his son Antipater III of plotting against his life and executes him. • 4 BCE Has Judas and Matthias and their pupils burned alive after they took down the golden eagle Herod placed at the entrance to the Temple.

Second Temple Writers

Pliny the Elder (23 -79 CE), Natural History V. 15 • On the west side of the Dead Sea, but of range of the noxious exhalations of the coast, is the solitary tribe of the Essenes which is remarkable beyond all the other tribes of the whole world as it has no women and has renounced all sexual desire, has no money, and has only palm trees for company. Day by day the throng of refugees is recruited to an equal number by numerous accessions of persons tired of life and driven there by the waves of fortune to adopt their manner. Thus, through thousands of ages (incredible to relate) a race in which no one is born lives on forever: so prolific for their advantage is other men’s weariness of life! Lying below the Essenes was formerly the town of Engedi, second only to Jerusalem in the fertility of its land in the groves of palm trees, but now like Jerusalem a heap of ashes, Next comes Masada, a fortress on a rock, itself also not far from the Dead Sea. This is the limit of Judea.

Josephus, Antiquities XVIII, 1822: The Doctrine of the Essenes • Josephus provides the most expansive contemporary description of the Essenes. He presents them as an agricultural, virtuous people worthy of admiration for their pious, peaceful ways, their communal economic life, and celibacy. • (18) The doctrine of the Essenes is that all things are best ascribed to God. They teach the immortality of the soul and believe that the rewards of righteousness are to be earnestly striven for. (19) When they send what they have dedicated to God to the temple, they do not offer sacrifices because they have more purification rituals of their own, because of which they are excluded from the common court of the temple, but offer their sacrifices themselves. Yet their course of life is better than that of other men, and they entirely devote themselves to agricultural labor. (20) It also deserves our admiration how much they exceed all other men who claim to be virtuous, and indeed to such a degree as has never appeared among any other people, neither Greeks nor barbarians, no, not even briefly. But it has endured for so long among them and has never been interrupted since they adopted them from of old. This is demonstrated by that institution of theirs in which all things are held in common; so that a rich man enjoys no more of his own wealth than he who has nothing at all. There about four thousand men that live in this way. • (21)Neither do they marry wives nor are they desirous to keep servants, thinking that the latter tempts men to be unjust and the former opens the way to domestic quarrels; but as they live by themselves, they minister one to another. (22) They also appoint certain stewards to receive the incomes of their revenues and of the fruits of the ground, those who are good men and priests, who are to get their grain and their food ready for them.

Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 297: The Pharisees and Sadducees on the Traditions of the Fathers • The traditions of the fathers, or elders, mentioned by Josephus, are an important component of what the Rabbis later called oral law. The traditions were a hallmark of the Pharisaic approach to Torah and continued into Rabbinic tradition as it was later enshrined in the Mishnah. • (297) …What I would now explain is this, that the Pharisees have passed on to the people a great many observances handed down by their fathers, which are not written down in the law of Moses. For this reason the Sadducees reject them and say that we are to consider to be obligatory only those observances which are in the written word, but need not observe those which are derived from the tradition of our forefathers.

Comparing the Sects Freewill/Fate Afterlife Oral Law Population Pharisees Some things are fate some freewill Yes, resurrection Yes 6000 Sadducees No Providence No No Priestly/ aristocratic Fate Yes, soul No 4000 Essenes

Who Wrote the Scrolls? • People Living at Khirbet Qumran –Essenes – Majority View –Sadducees – Schiffman • Brought from Jerusalem - Golb