HandsOn Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Networking Chapter Two

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Hands-On Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Networking Chapter Two Networking Protocols

Hands-On Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Networking Chapter Two Networking Protocols

Objectives • Understand TCP/IP addressing • Compare Internet Protocol version 6 with Internet Protocol

Objectives • Understand TCP/IP addressing • Compare Internet Protocol version 6 with Internet Protocol version 4 • Understand the relevance of the IPX/SPX protocol • Describe the purpose of the Apple. Talk protocol • Identify obsolete network protocols • Use bindings to optimize network connectivity 2

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • The most commonly used network protocol suite in

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • The most commonly used network protocol suite in use today • Reasons why TCP/IP is so prevalent – Has wide vendor support – Is an open protocol – Provides access to the Internet 3

IP Addresses • Must be unique – Impossible for information to be correctly delivered

IP Addresses • Must be unique – Impossible for information to be correctly delivered if two computers have the same IP address • Common format – Consists of four numbers called octets – Each octet can range in value between 0 and 255 – Example IP address: 192. 168. 5. 66 • Composed of two parts – Network ID: the network on which computer is located – Host ID: the individual computer on the network 4

IP Addresses (Continued) • Internet Service Provider (ISP) – IP addresses used on the

IP Addresses (Continued) • Internet Service Provider (ISP) – IP addresses used on the Internet assigned by ISPs • Network Address Translation (NAT) or Proxy Server – Minimizes the use of IP addresses • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – Organization with overall authority for IP address assignments on the Internet 5

Subnet Masks • Defines which part of a computer’s IP address is the network

Subnet Masks • Defines which part of a computer’s IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID • Simplest subnet masks use only two values: 0 and 255 • 255 in the subnet mask indicates the octet is part of the network ID • 0 in the subnet mask indicates the octet is part of the host ID 6

Using a subnet mask to find network and host IDs 7

Using a subnet mask to find network and host IDs 7

Valid and Invalid Subnet Masks 8

Valid and Invalid Subnet Masks 8

Two Computers on the Same Network 9

Two Computers on the Same Network 9

Network ID calculation for Computer A 10

Network ID calculation for Computer A 10

Network ID Calculation for Computer B 11

Network ID Calculation for Computer B 11

Default Gateway • Another term for router • Router – A dedicated hardware device

Default Gateway • Another term for router • Router – A dedicated hardware device from a vendor such as Cisco, D-link, or Linksys – Can distinguish multiple networks and how to move packets between them – Has an IP address on every network to which it is attached 12

Two Computers on Different Networks 13

Two Computers on Different Networks 13

Calculating Network ID for Computer A 14

Calculating Network ID for Computer A 14

Network ID Test for Computer C 15

Network ID Test for Computer C 15

IP Address Classes • IP addresses – Divided into classes – IP address class

IP Address Classes • IP addresses – Divided into classes – IP address class can be identified by first octet of address • Class A addresses – Use eight bits for the network ID and 24 bits for the host ID – Subnet mask is 255. 0. 0. 0 – Hosts available on a class A network are 16, 777, 214 • Subnetting – The process in which a single large network is subdivided into smaller networks to control traffic flow 16

IP Address Classes (Continued) • Class B addresses – Use 16 bits for the

IP Address Classes (Continued) • Class B addresses – Use 16 bits for the network ID and 16 bits for the host ID – Subnet mask is 255. 0. 0 – 16, 384 class B networks with 65, 534 hosts on each network • Class C addresses – Use 24 bits for the network ID and eight bits for the host ID – Subnet mask is 255. 0 – 2, 097, 152 class C networks with 254 hosts on each network 17

IP Address Classes (Continued) • Class D addresses – Not divided into networks and

IP Address Classes (Continued) • Class D addresses – Not divided into networks and cannot be assigned to computers as IP addresses – Used for multicasting – Multicast addressing: used by groups of computers • Class E addresses – Considered experimental and not used 18

IP Address Classes 19

IP Address Classes 19

Hosts and Networks for IP address classes 20

Hosts and Networks for IP address classes 20

Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) • Used to make Internet routing and the assignment of

Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) • Used to make Internet routing and the assignment of Internet addresses more efficient • Does not use the default subnet masks for routing • Subnet mask must be defined for each network • CIDR notation – A common mechanism to indicate the number of bits in the network ID of an IP address 21

Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) 22

Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) 22

Reserved Addresses • Broadcasts – Packets addressed to all computers on a network •

Reserved Addresses • Broadcasts – Packets addressed to all computers on a network • Local broadcast – Delivered to all computers on a local network and discarded by routers – IP address 255 is a local broadcast • Directed broadcast – Broadcast on a specific network – IP address is composed of the network ID to which it is directed, then all host bits are set to 1 23

Directed Broadcasts on specific networks 24

Directed Broadcasts on specific networks 24

Host Bits in IP addresses 25

Host Bits in IP addresses 25

Addresses for Internal Networks 26

Addresses for Internal Networks 26

Domain Name System (DNS) • Used to – Resolve host names to IP addresses

Domain Name System (DNS) • Used to – Resolve host names to IP addresses – Find domain controllers – Find e-mail servers • Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) – Combination of host name and domain name 27

DNS Record Types 28

DNS Record Types 28

Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) • Resolves Net. BIOS names to IP addresses •

Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) • Resolves Net. BIOS names to IP addresses • Stores information about services such as domain controllers • Used primarily for backward compatibility with Windows NT and Windows 9 x 29

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Automated mechanism that assigns IP addresses to clients

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Automated mechanism that assigns IP addresses to clients • Avoids the problem of records being entered incorrectly 30

Internet Protocol Version 6 • The replacement for Internet Protocol version (IPv 4) •

Internet Protocol Version 6 • The replacement for Internet Protocol version (IPv 4) • Improvements in IPv 6 include – Increased address space – Hierarchical routing to reduce the load on Internet backbone routers – Simpler configuration through automatic address assignment – Inclusion of encryption services for data security – Quality of service – Extensibility to support new features 31

IPv 6 Addressing • IPv 6 addresses – 128 bits long – Designed for

IPv 6 Addressing • IPv 6 addresses – 128 bits long – Designed for ease of use rather than efficiency of allocation – Represented in hexadecimal notation (222 D: 10 B 5: 3355: 00 F 3: 8234: 0000: 32 AC: 099 C) – If IPv 6 address contains a long set of zeros, the zeros can be compressed to a double colon “: : ” • Example: the multicast address FF 02: 0: 0: 0: 112 A: CC 87 could be shortened to FF 02: : 112 A: CC 8 32

IPv 6 Address Types • Unicast addresses – Equivalent to IPv 4 addresses that

IPv 6 Address Types • Unicast addresses – Equivalent to IPv 4 addresses that can be assigned to hosts but are divided into multiple categories • Aggregatable global unicast addresses • Link-local addresses • Site-local addresses 33

IPv 6 Address Types (Continued) • Multicast addresses – 112 bits are allocated to

IPv 6 Address Types (Continued) • Multicast addresses – 112 bits are allocated to the group ID – Has additional option – scope - which defines where routers should propagate the multicast address – Used in place of broadcast addresses • Anycast addresses – Have no equivalent in IPv 4 – Assigned to interfaces on multiple devices 34

Interface Identifiers • IPv 6 equivalent of a host ID • Always a consistent

Interface Identifiers • IPv 6 equivalent of a host ID • Always a consistent length of 64 bits • Three ways an interface identifier can be defined – Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 address – Randomly generated – Assigned by DHCPv 6 35

Interface Identifiers (Continued) • EUI-64 addresses – New standard developed by the Institute of

Interface Identifiers (Continued) • EUI-64 addresses – New standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) to uniquely identify network interfaces – Will eventually replace MAC addresses – 64 bits long: first 24 bits used to uniquely identify vendors of networking devices while last 40 bits used to uniquely identify the interface produced by the manufacturer 36

Internetwork Packet e. Xchange/Sequenced Packet e. Xchange (IPX/SPX) • Common protocol in use on

Internetwork Packet e. Xchange/Sequenced Packet e. Xchange (IPX/SPX) • Common protocol in use on local area networks (LANs) in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s • Is also a routable protocol that is easy to configure • Development of the Internet caused companies to move away from IPX/SPX • NWLink – The name Microsoft uses for the IPX/SPXcompatible protocol that it created 37

Service Location • When using TCP/IP – Windows Server 2003 with Active Directory uses

Service Location • When using TCP/IP – Windows Server 2003 with Active Directory uses DNS for service location • IPX/SPX – Uses Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) to locate services – Broadcast of SAP packets every 60 seconds makes it very unpopular with wide area network (WAN) support staff 38

Addressing • IPX/SPX packet – Composed of a network ID and a computer ID

Addressing • IPX/SPX packet – Composed of a network ID and a computer ID – Network ID is an eight-character hexadecimal number – Computer ID is a 12 -character hexadecimal number – Does not require a subnet mask • IPX address – Includes the network ID and the computer ID, example: A 1 A 1: 1234567890 AB – Computer ID portion of the address is taken from the MAC address of the network card – Network ID portion of the address can be manually configured 39

Internal Network Address • Unique eight-character hexadecimal identifier used by Windows computers providing IPX/SPXbased

Internal Network Address • Unique eight-character hexadecimal identifier used by Windows computers providing IPX/SPXbased services • Must be different than any real IPX network address or the internal address of any other servers • IPX routers must be configured with an internal network address 40

Frame Type • The format of IPX/SPX packets • Can be manually configured but

Frame Type • The format of IPX/SPX packets • Can be manually configured but normally detected automatically, during initialization of network services • Two computers with IPX/SPX installed, but configured with different frame types, cannot communicate • Frame – Term for a packet that is fully built, just before it is put onto the network cabling 41

Frame Types 42

Frame Types 42

NWLink Properties 43

NWLink Properties 43

Results from the ipxroute Command 44

Results from the ipxroute Command 44

Apple. Talk • Protocol used for connectivity with Macintosh computers • A routable protocol

Apple. Talk • Protocol used for connectivity with Macintosh computers • A routable protocol that can be used on larger networks 45

Obsolete Protocols • Data Link Control (DLC) – A nonroutable protocol that was used

Obsolete Protocols • Data Link Control (DLC) – A nonroutable protocol that was used for connectivity to mainframe computers • Net. BIOS Enhanced User Interface (Net. BEUI) – A fast, nonroutable, autoconfiguring protocol 46

Bindings • The process where a network protocol is configured to use a network

Bindings • The process where a network protocol is configured to use a network adapter • Windows Server 2003 – Allows you to optimize network connectivity by adjusting the order in which protocols are used and defining the priority of network services 47

Binding Configuration 48

Binding Configuration 48

Summary • TCP/IP – IP Address: network ID and host ID – Subnet mask:

Summary • TCP/IP – IP Address: network ID and host ID – Subnet mask: defines network ID and host ID of IP address – Default gateway: required to deliver packets • Ranges of IP addresses reserved for internal use – 10. X. X. X, 172. 16. X. X-172. 31. X. X – 192. 168. X. X • DHCP – Automatically allocates IP addresses – If DHCP server cannot be contacted, clients use APIPA 49

Summary (Continued) • IPX/SPX – Can be used with the 32 -bit version of

Summary (Continued) • IPX/SPX – Can be used with the 32 -bit version of Windows Server 2003 – Primarily used in networks where Novell Net. Ware is present – Frame type automatically detected when IPX/SPX is initialized – 802. 2 used if multiple frame types are present • Apple. Talk – Used for connectivity with Apple Macintosh computers • Bindings – Can be adjusted to optimize networking performance – Most used protocols should be listed first 50