HandsOn Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Networking Chapter Two
- Slides: 50
Hands-On Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Networking Chapter Two Networking Protocols
Objectives • Understand TCP/IP addressing • Compare Internet Protocol version 6 with Internet Protocol version 4 • Understand the relevance of the IPX/SPX protocol • Describe the purpose of the Apple. Talk protocol • Identify obsolete network protocols • Use bindings to optimize network connectivity 2
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • The most commonly used network protocol suite in use today • Reasons why TCP/IP is so prevalent – Has wide vendor support – Is an open protocol – Provides access to the Internet 3
IP Addresses • Must be unique – Impossible for information to be correctly delivered if two computers have the same IP address • Common format – Consists of four numbers called octets – Each octet can range in value between 0 and 255 – Example IP address: 192. 168. 5. 66 • Composed of two parts – Network ID: the network on which computer is located – Host ID: the individual computer on the network 4
IP Addresses (Continued) • Internet Service Provider (ISP) – IP addresses used on the Internet assigned by ISPs • Network Address Translation (NAT) or Proxy Server – Minimizes the use of IP addresses • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – Organization with overall authority for IP address assignments on the Internet 5
Subnet Masks • Defines which part of a computer’s IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID • Simplest subnet masks use only two values: 0 and 255 • 255 in the subnet mask indicates the octet is part of the network ID • 0 in the subnet mask indicates the octet is part of the host ID 6
Using a subnet mask to find network and host IDs 7
Valid and Invalid Subnet Masks 8
Two Computers on the Same Network 9
Network ID calculation for Computer A 10
Network ID Calculation for Computer B 11
Default Gateway • Another term for router • Router – A dedicated hardware device from a vendor such as Cisco, D-link, or Linksys – Can distinguish multiple networks and how to move packets between them – Has an IP address on every network to which it is attached 12
Two Computers on Different Networks 13
Calculating Network ID for Computer A 14
Network ID Test for Computer C 15
IP Address Classes • IP addresses – Divided into classes – IP address class can be identified by first octet of address • Class A addresses – Use eight bits for the network ID and 24 bits for the host ID – Subnet mask is 255. 0. 0. 0 – Hosts available on a class A network are 16, 777, 214 • Subnetting – The process in which a single large network is subdivided into smaller networks to control traffic flow 16
IP Address Classes (Continued) • Class B addresses – Use 16 bits for the network ID and 16 bits for the host ID – Subnet mask is 255. 0. 0 – 16, 384 class B networks with 65, 534 hosts on each network • Class C addresses – Use 24 bits for the network ID and eight bits for the host ID – Subnet mask is 255. 0 – 2, 097, 152 class C networks with 254 hosts on each network 17
IP Address Classes (Continued) • Class D addresses – Not divided into networks and cannot be assigned to computers as IP addresses – Used for multicasting – Multicast addressing: used by groups of computers • Class E addresses – Considered experimental and not used 18
IP Address Classes 19
Hosts and Networks for IP address classes 20
Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) • Used to make Internet routing and the assignment of Internet addresses more efficient • Does not use the default subnet masks for routing • Subnet mask must be defined for each network • CIDR notation – A common mechanism to indicate the number of bits in the network ID of an IP address 21
Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) 22
Reserved Addresses • Broadcasts – Packets addressed to all computers on a network • Local broadcast – Delivered to all computers on a local network and discarded by routers – IP address 255 is a local broadcast • Directed broadcast – Broadcast on a specific network – IP address is composed of the network ID to which it is directed, then all host bits are set to 1 23
Directed Broadcasts on specific networks 24
Host Bits in IP addresses 25
Addresses for Internal Networks 26
Domain Name System (DNS) • Used to – Resolve host names to IP addresses – Find domain controllers – Find e-mail servers • Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) – Combination of host name and domain name 27
DNS Record Types 28
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) • Resolves Net. BIOS names to IP addresses • Stores information about services such as domain controllers • Used primarily for backward compatibility with Windows NT and Windows 9 x 29
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Automated mechanism that assigns IP addresses to clients • Avoids the problem of records being entered incorrectly 30
Internet Protocol Version 6 • The replacement for Internet Protocol version (IPv 4) • Improvements in IPv 6 include – Increased address space – Hierarchical routing to reduce the load on Internet backbone routers – Simpler configuration through automatic address assignment – Inclusion of encryption services for data security – Quality of service – Extensibility to support new features 31
IPv 6 Addressing • IPv 6 addresses – 128 bits long – Designed for ease of use rather than efficiency of allocation – Represented in hexadecimal notation (222 D: 10 B 5: 3355: 00 F 3: 8234: 0000: 32 AC: 099 C) – If IPv 6 address contains a long set of zeros, the zeros can be compressed to a double colon “: : ” • Example: the multicast address FF 02: 0: 0: 0: 112 A: CC 87 could be shortened to FF 02: : 112 A: CC 8 32
IPv 6 Address Types • Unicast addresses – Equivalent to IPv 4 addresses that can be assigned to hosts but are divided into multiple categories • Aggregatable global unicast addresses • Link-local addresses • Site-local addresses 33
IPv 6 Address Types (Continued) • Multicast addresses – 112 bits are allocated to the group ID – Has additional option – scope - which defines where routers should propagate the multicast address – Used in place of broadcast addresses • Anycast addresses – Have no equivalent in IPv 4 – Assigned to interfaces on multiple devices 34
Interface Identifiers • IPv 6 equivalent of a host ID • Always a consistent length of 64 bits • Three ways an interface identifier can be defined – Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 address – Randomly generated – Assigned by DHCPv 6 35
Interface Identifiers (Continued) • EUI-64 addresses – New standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) to uniquely identify network interfaces – Will eventually replace MAC addresses – 64 bits long: first 24 bits used to uniquely identify vendors of networking devices while last 40 bits used to uniquely identify the interface produced by the manufacturer 36
Internetwork Packet e. Xchange/Sequenced Packet e. Xchange (IPX/SPX) • Common protocol in use on local area networks (LANs) in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s • Is also a routable protocol that is easy to configure • Development of the Internet caused companies to move away from IPX/SPX • NWLink – The name Microsoft uses for the IPX/SPXcompatible protocol that it created 37
Service Location • When using TCP/IP – Windows Server 2003 with Active Directory uses DNS for service location • IPX/SPX – Uses Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) to locate services – Broadcast of SAP packets every 60 seconds makes it very unpopular with wide area network (WAN) support staff 38
Addressing • IPX/SPX packet – Composed of a network ID and a computer ID – Network ID is an eight-character hexadecimal number – Computer ID is a 12 -character hexadecimal number – Does not require a subnet mask • IPX address – Includes the network ID and the computer ID, example: A 1 A 1: 1234567890 AB – Computer ID portion of the address is taken from the MAC address of the network card – Network ID portion of the address can be manually configured 39
Internal Network Address • Unique eight-character hexadecimal identifier used by Windows computers providing IPX/SPXbased services • Must be different than any real IPX network address or the internal address of any other servers • IPX routers must be configured with an internal network address 40
Frame Type • The format of IPX/SPX packets • Can be manually configured but normally detected automatically, during initialization of network services • Two computers with IPX/SPX installed, but configured with different frame types, cannot communicate • Frame – Term for a packet that is fully built, just before it is put onto the network cabling 41
Frame Types 42
NWLink Properties 43
Results from the ipxroute Command 44
Apple. Talk • Protocol used for connectivity with Macintosh computers • A routable protocol that can be used on larger networks 45
Obsolete Protocols • Data Link Control (DLC) – A nonroutable protocol that was used for connectivity to mainframe computers • Net. BIOS Enhanced User Interface (Net. BEUI) – A fast, nonroutable, autoconfiguring protocol 46
Bindings • The process where a network protocol is configured to use a network adapter • Windows Server 2003 – Allows you to optimize network connectivity by adjusting the order in which protocols are used and defining the priority of network services 47
Binding Configuration 48
Summary • TCP/IP – IP Address: network ID and host ID – Subnet mask: defines network ID and host ID of IP address – Default gateway: required to deliver packets • Ranges of IP addresses reserved for internal use – 10. X. X. X, 172. 16. X. X-172. 31. X. X – 192. 168. X. X • DHCP – Automatically allocates IP addresses – If DHCP server cannot be contacted, clients use APIPA 49
Summary (Continued) • IPX/SPX – Can be used with the 32 -bit version of Windows Server 2003 – Primarily used in networks where Novell Net. Ware is present – Frame type automatically detected when IPX/SPX is initialized – 802. 2 used if multiple frame types are present • Apple. Talk – Used for connectivity with Apple Macintosh computers • Bindings – Can be adjusted to optimize networking performance – Most used protocols should be listed first 50
- Microsoft windows storage server 2003
- Networking with windows server 2016
- Sbs 2003 cals
- Windows storage server 2003
- Windows 2003 sp
- Windows server 2003 developer
- Windows server 2003 eos
- งช
- Ftp server windows 2003
- Windows server 2003 network infrastructure
- Mpa timesheet
- Sdn architecture vs traditional network
- Small business server 2010
- Small business server 2011 end of life
- Microsoft windows movie maker
- James handson
- Handson may
- Analytical research
- James handson
- James handson
- A handson
- Handson activities
- Handson activities
- Handson session
- Windows net server family
- Terminal server 2003
- Live communications server 2003
- Project server architecture
- Windows mobile 2003
- Ms access 2003 tutorial
- Microsoft word 2003 tutorial
- Ms project 2007
- Word 2003 tutorial
- Ipam windows server 2008
- Windows server 2000 caracteristicas
- Windows multipoint server 2012
- Windows server migration tools
- Secure access control server
- Windows vista codename
- Sql server 2017 windows 7
- Nouveauté windows server 2016
- Windows server 2012 r2 essentials
- Windows eal
- Windows hpc server 2016
- Windows compute cluster
- Eol windows server 2012
- Wins windows 10
- Terminal server printer
- Rto rpo
- Lcow windows server 2019
- Windows server 2012 essentials launchpad download