Handling NORM Examples of work from uranium mining
- Slides: 55
Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other operations Riaz Akber contact r. akber@qut. edu. au
Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other operations Uranium mines and mills Bauxite mines Mineral sands Natural Riaz Akber contact r. akber@qut. edu. au
Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other operations NORM in Water NORM in Air External gamma Measurement of NORM Riaz Akber contact r. akber@qut. edu. au
238 U 234 U 4. 47 x 109 y 2. 5 x 105 y NORM – 238 U series 234 m. Pa 234 Th 24. 1 d 1. 18 m 230 Th 7. 5 x 104 y 226 Ra 1600 y 222 Rn 3. 82 d 218 Po 214 Po 210 Po 3. 1 m 164 µs 138 d 214 Pb 26. 8 m 214 Bi 19. 7 m 210 Pb 22. 3 y 210 Bi 5. 01 d 206 Pb Stable
238 U 234 U 4. 47 x 109 y 2. 5 x 105 y NORM – 238 U series 234 m. Pa 234 Th 24. 1 d 1. 18 m 230 Th 7. 5 x 104 y 226 Ra 1600 y 222 Rn 3. 82 d 218 Po 214 Po 210 Po 3. 1 m 164 µs 138 d 214 Pb 26. 8 m 214 Bi 19. 7 m 210 Pb 22. 3 y 210 Bi 5. 01 d 206 Pb Stable
238 U 234 U 4. 47 x 109 y 2. 5 x 105 y NORM – 238 U series 234 m. Pa 234 Th 24. 1 d 1. 18 m 230 Th 7. 5 x 104 y 226 Ra 1600 y 222 Rn 3. 82 d 218 Po 214 Po 210 Po 3. 1 m 164 µs 138 d 214 Pb 26. 8 m 214 Bi 19. 7 m 210 Pb 22. 3 y 210 Bi 5. 01 d 206 Pb Stable
238 U 234 U 4. 47 x 109 y 2. 5 x 105 y NORM – 238 U series 234 m. Pa 1. 18 m 234 Th 230 Th 7. 5 x 104 y 24. 1 d 228 Ra 5. 75 y 232 Th series 226 Ra 1600 y 222 Rn 3. 82 d 218 Po 214 Po 210 Po 3. 1 m 164 µs 138 d 214 Pb 26. 8 m 214 Bi 19. 7 m 210 Pb 22. 3 y 210 Bi 5. 01 d 206 Pb Stable
238 U 234 U 4. 47 x 109 y 2. 5 x 105 y NORM – 238 U series 234 m. Pa 1. 18 m 234 Th 230 Th 7. 5 x 104 y 24. 1 d 228 Ra 5. 75 y 232 Th series 226 Ra 1600 y 222 Rn 3. 82 d 218 Po 214 Po 210 Po 3. 1 m 164 µs 138 d 214 Pb 214 Bi 19. 7 m 26. 8 m 210 Pb 22. 3 y 1 Bq (becquerel) = 1 Nuclear disintegration per second Sv (sievert) , Gy (gray) : Units of radiation dose 210 Bi 5. 01 d 206 Pb Stable
NORM in Water NORM in Air External gamma Measurement of NORM
NORM Aqueous – Solid phase Activity. Water Strong Absorption Activity. Soil Weak Desorption Activity. Soil
NORM Typical 226 Ra activity concentration Water: 10 -100 m Bq. kg-1 Soil: 10 - 100 Bq. kg-1 Activity. Water Strong Absorption Activity. Soil Weak Desorption Activity. Soil Aqueous – Solid phase
NORM Typical 226 Ra activity concentration Aqueous – Solid phase Water: 10 -100 m Bq. kg-1 Soil: 10 - 100 Bq. kg-1 Activity. Water Strong Absorption Activity. Soil Weak Desorption Activity. Soil Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase. Wetland Filtration Natural , Engineered
Spa waters Helidon 226 Ra activity concentration (Bq. L-1) 1. 27, 1. 22, 1. 1, 0. 62, 0. 50
Spa waters Helidon 226 Ra activity concentration (Bq. L-1) 1. 27, 1. 22, 1. 1, 0. 62, 0. 50
WATER 0. 069 ± 0. 004 NORM Bq. L-1 Aqueous – Solid phase Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase. Wetland Filtration Natural , Engineered 1. 13 ± 0. 02 Bq. L-1
SEDIMENT / SOIL 527 ± 10 NORM Bq. kg-1 17 ± 2 Bq. L-1 Aqueous – Solid phase Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase. Wetland Filtration Natural , Engineered 911 ± 14 Bq. L-1 Koulouris, Dharmasiri, Akber 1996
NORM Aqueous – Solid phase Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase. Wetland Filtration Natural , Engineered
NORM Aqueous – Solid phase U Ra Mg Wetland Filtration Akber, Johnston, Hancock 1992 Natural , Engineered
NORM Aqueous – Solid phase Application + H 2 O Soil surface Sub surface H 2 O Land Application
NORM Aqueous – Solid phase Application + H 2 O Soil surface Sub surface H 2 O Land Application
NORM Aqueous – Solid phase Outside Irrigated Land 226 Ra Irrigated Land Akber, Marten 1992 228 Ra Land Application
NORM in Water NORM in Air External gamma Measurement of NORM
NORM Radon – Soil surface 222 Rn 3: Rn exhalation 2: Rn migration Soil grain 1: Rn emanation Interstitial space
NORM Radon – 214 218 Po 214 226 Ra 1 6 00 y Ra Pb 226 210 21620. 30 yy Rna 6 2 22α Pb 222 Rn Bi 210 Pb 2 2. 3 y 214 Po
NORM Radon – 222 Rn How much radon comes out of the U rocks? Holdsworth, Akber 2004
NORM Radon – 222 Rn How much radon comes out of the U rocks? Akber, Jeffries, Dharmasiri 2002
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? INSERT AFKAR HERE 222 Rn
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? 222 Rn
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? 222 Rn
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? Vegetated or rehabilitated woodland 222 Rn
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? Vegetated or rehabilitated woodland Compacted with no vegetation 222 Rn
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? Vegetated or rehabilitated woodland Compacted with no vegetation Non compacted fine grains 222 Rn
NORM Radon – How much radon exhales from ground? 222 Rn Vegetated or rehabilitated woodland Compacted with no vegetation Non compacted fine grains Non compacted boulders Lawrence, Akber (to be finalised 2005)
NORM Radon – How much radon is in air ? Total flow rate = 4000 m-3. s-1 222 Rn
NORM Radon – 222 Rn How much radon is in air ? Akber, Jeffries, Dharmasiri (2002)
NORM Dust AMAD Next to the operating station 12 m away Akber, Dharmasiri (1996) 8. 4 m 5. 9 m
NORM in Water NORM in Air External gamma Measurement of NORM
Mineral sand derivatives NORM External gamma radiation Sand Dune Abandoned tailings
NORM External gamma radiation HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic radiation dose (n. Gy. h-1) Potassium concentration (%) Thorium concentration (ppm) Uranium concentration (ppm) External gamma dose (n. Gy. h-1)
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic CU = (A 1 HTotal – A 2) NORM External gamma radiation CU 0. 16 (HTotal – 66)
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic CU = (A 1 HTotal – A 2) NORM External gamma radiation CU 0. 16 (HTotal – 66)
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic CU = (A 1 HTotal – A 2) NORM External gamma radiation CU 0. 16 (HTotal – 66) Akber, Lawrence, Bollhoefer, Martin 2004
HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic CU = (A 1 HTotal – A 2) NORM External gamma radiation CU 0. 16 (HTotal – 66) Akber, Lawrence, Bollhoefer, Martin 2004
NORM in Water NORM in Air External gamma Measurement of NORM
Measurement NORM
Measurement NORM
Measurement NORM
Riaz Akber r. akber@qut. edu. au