Hammamet Case Study Progress Environmental Analysis Environmental data

Hammamet Case Study Progress Environmental Analysis Environmental data inventory of the Hammamet region and their integration in WATERWARE. 1

Summary §New strategy for sustainable water management in Tunisia. §Presentation of pressure allocated for water resources. §Management strategy of waste water in Tunisia. q Cases of Hammamet region. §Management strategy of hazardous substances q Cases of Tunisia. q Cases of Hammamet region. §Industrial contribution to pollution in the study zone §Conclusion 2

New strategy for sustainable water management in Tunisia. q. The integrated management and preservation of waters resources; q. Economical efficiency in the use of the water for the irrigation; q. The institutional reorganization and the reinforcement of capacities. 3

In regards to the integrated management and the preservation of the waters resources, the government set up the following aims : qa higher use of treated water (more 50%); qevaluation of the potential of groundwater recharge; qpromotion of the utilisation of treated waters in the industrial sector; qpromotion of the brackish waters desalination; qpromotion of agriculture species having a high salt tolerance; qelaboration of water quality monotoring systems; qimprove plans for collective treatment systems in the rural zones; qprotection against pollution of water resources. 4

Presentation of pressure allocated for water resources. Protection of fresh waters resources and their quality Densification des réseaux de Enhancement of Hydro mesures hydrogéologiques (suivi de : IS, IDC, IDB) geological network Traitement des eaux Reliable fiable treatment usées et des plants of boues wastegénérées, water éviter les rejets dans les and generated sludge milieux naturels. Reinforcement equipments Renforcer l'équipement en preunités dein. Prétraitement/ treatment/treatment’s Traitement et le suivie/contrôle units and enhance control des industries polluantes. of polluting industries. Controlled dump, Décharges contrôlées, treatment of lixivia, traitement des lixiviats, lutte protection against contre la pollution atmospheric emissions. atmosphérique Municipal waste waters -Low rate of connection in the rural area -Throwing in the natural environment (septic pits, abandoned wells and rivers) -The problem of overloads in the treatment stations (unconformity of treated waters to Tunisian norms) Industrial effluents Agricultural activities -High pollutant charge -Runoff from agricultural land -Lack of units Pretreatment/treatment for effluents. . -Rumping untreated affluents in the nature. -Over exploitation of underground water (marine intrusion). Hazardous substances -Generating lixivia concentrated in various polluting elements. -Sludge generated by STEP Pollution of surface and underground water Pollution des eaux de surface et eaux souterraines Response Réponses 5

Institutional framework for management of water quality in Tunisia Management of water quality Planning/ development of the policies Integrated plan of the water resources Md. AERH (ex. MEAT) Action plan for environment protection Md. AERH/Md. I Policy relating to the management of waste Legal aspects Laws Md. Int, Md. I, Md. AERH Loi 75, 1975 relating to the code of water. MEAT (law EIA; 1991) Standards Water of interior Md. I Drinking water and irrigation Md. AERH Effluents ONAS Application ANPE, ONAS Control Freh water ANPE, Md. AERH Effluents Conformity ANPE ONAS Adduction Md. AERH Operation management Agro-chemical prevention Md. AERH Licence obtaining ONAS Public Sensibilisation ANPE Treatment Urban, rural, industrial ONAS Distribution/ Reused Md. AERH 6

Principal indicators for ONAS (2000) Communes dealt with 142 (from total ot 258 communes) Communal population 6, 07 millions d'habitants Communal population dealt with 5, 24 millions habitants (86% of urban population) Population connected 4, 2 millions habitants Numbers subscribed 925 000 Rate of connection in the zones dealt with 81% Volume of collected water 178 MCM Volume of treated water 148 MCM Volume of water re-used in the irrigation 38 MCM (30%) Source : Annual report of the National office of the Cleansing (ONAS) 2000 Evolution O. N. A. S infrastructure in Tunisia YEAR Length of the network in km Pumping Stations Treatment plants stations 1997 7 700 340 52 1998 8 200 355 55 1999 9 000 385 60 2000 9 650 417 61 2001 10 500 430 70 Source : Annual report of the National office of the Cleansing (ONAS) 2000 7

Treatment plant station presentation Treatment plant stations STEP Name Localization Origin Waste Water Re-used Water Destination STEP 1 Hammamet South Hammamet Touristic zone Gulf (Yassemine et Strauss), Moussa River STEP 3 Mrazgua, university complex, Hospital Marin emissary (1600 m lenght), 23 m depth South Hammamet Yassemine Hammamet North. Tourstic Zone, Hammamet Chracher River, marine Step Name Origin of Waste Water % Urban % Touristic % Industrial STEP 1 0 100 0 STEP 3 7 38 55 South Hammamet 60 22 18 STEP efficiency STEP Name Exploitation beginning Effluent average CM/day Annual Volume Generated CM/year STEP 1 1979 4208 1535920 STEP 3 1979 3500 1277500 South Hammamet 1996 11386 4155890 8

Characteristic of treatment plants station in the case study Caractheristics Hammmamet_Sud SE 1 SE 3 Exploitation begining 1996 1979 Numbers of equivalent habitant 76000 43760 23243 Total Charge (Kg DBO 5/Kg MES) 0, 2 0, 4 0, 1 Hydraulic Charge (m 3/j) 11386 4208 3500 Biologiqcal Charge (Kg DBO 5/j) 2722 1321 720 Average of Hydraulic Charge treated (m 3/j) 9830 3186 2203 Average of biological charge in entrance (Kg DBO 5/j) 2644 578 478 Energetic efficiency (KW/Kg DBO 5) 1, 53 1, 56 1, 99 Purification efficiency (%) 93 94 91 Average of BOD at the exit (mg/l) 18 11 19 Average COD at the exit (mg/l) 87 67 92 Average of suspended matter (mg/l) 18 12, 5 19 Percentage of water treatment reutilisation 89 Treatment type (secondary) Activated sludge in continuous ventilation Activated sludge average charge Activated sludge low charge Emissary Oued Chercher STEP Ham_Sud Marine (1, 6 km) Sampling in entrance Manuel Manual Exit sampling Automatic Manual 9

Dimensioning of treatment plants stations in the case study Histogram showing efficiency of Hammamet S. T. E. P 10

Conclusion q. Physico-chemical characteristics of treated waste water are in conformity with the Tunisian standards imposed except for phosphorus elements; q. High Phosphorus concentration and their various forms is is responsible for the proliferation of the algae and can lead to eutrophication; q. The unconformity content of phosphorus is tributary with the type of treatment adopted in the three S. T. E. P, moreover the standards adopted in the marine public domain are rather low; q. The reuse of treated waste water is reaches 6600 CM/day for irrigated perimeters (140 Ha: golf course). 11

Management of hazardous substances in Tunisia Production of hazardous substances in Tunisia (2001) Distribution of the production of solid waste per industrial sector Composition of solid waste 12

Institutional framework Ministry of Agriculture Environment and Hydraulic resources, Law tallies 96 -41 of June 10, 1996, relating to solid waste and the control of their management and their elimination. A. N. P. E Department solid waste PRO. NA. G. DE. S: A National Program for Solid Waste Management Projects of embellishment, collection, sorting and solid waste disposal. 13

Objectives of the PRO. NA. G. DE. S q. Prevention and reduction of the production of waste and their harmfulness; q. Valorization of waste solids by the reuse, recycling and any action aiming at the recuperation of reusable materials; q. Waste solids storage and processing in suitable installations. q. Implementation of the suitable plans of management for each type of waste solids. 14

Principal components of the PRO. NA. G. DE. S Household refuse and comparable Industrial and dangerous waste §Collect §Transfert §Sorting §Treatment §Composting §Recycling §Valorization Particular waste (hospital, sludge) Resumption and valorization of packing (ECO~Lef) §Collect §Treatment §Recycling §Valorization 15

Impact of the discharges q. The pollution of the water resources by lixivia; q. The disturbance of the ecosystems and the landscapes due to deforestations and the plants mortality generated by flows of lixivia and the biogas emanations; q. Bad smells due to the decomposition of waste; q. Wind disperse waste; q. Fire and explosions risks (presence of gas); q. Sanitary risks due to the presence of pathogen bacteria and waste toxicity. 16

Data of the Hammamet region Numbers of households 9090 Number of residences 1236 Surface of the commune 3700 Existing industries types Tourism, confection, edible oils Agricultural activities Fruit-bearing arboriculture (citrus fruits), olives Budget of the commune (collection, transport and waste disposal) 877000 D Collect organization Carry to door and containers Quantity of waste solids According to the commune 41975 t/year From specific consumption 6592 t/year Source: Inventory of the wild dumps and the discharges in common the places heads, Scet-meat, 05/1995. 17

Characteristics of the regional discharges Discharge name Beni Wael Coordinates (UTM) X 647 081. 56 Y 4031 077. 60 Geographical situation Localization compared to the industrial parks A 1000 m brickyard Localization compared to the residential zones A 2. 6 km at NW from Bir-Bouregba Surrondings Surrounded by isolated habitation Others Proximity from school (150 m) Visibility Clear on three sides only from the Western side Characteristics of discharges Area (ha) 13 Height of waste (m) Morphology Type beginning date of Exploitation Volume of waste (m 3) Entrance (t/an) Hill affected by the taking away of the careers (abandoned career) Controled Savage or anarchistic x 1991 Exploitation date completion 18

Impact on environment Impact on the natural resources Risk contamination of water surface and underground and fires risks Impact on the landscape Visual pollution Impact on the human environment Proximity from a primary school Impact on hygiene and of public health Domestic animals presence and Marshy surroundings, unpleasant odour Exploitation mode: (discharge serves the communes of Hammamet, Barraket the Sahel and Bir Bouregba) Bottom treatment Surface treatment Covering by ground or waste of construction Lixivia emission Biogases emission Adjustment of the discharge Final covering: roadbase of 15 cm thickness of ground (12 000 m 3), lower layer by 60 cm thickness containing a clay soil (48 000 m 3) Managements of the lixivia: naturally Management of biogases: passive system made up of 11 wells (diameter influences approximately 60 m) for spontaneous evacuation of gases during the waste fermentation. Management of surface water: system of drains out of V preventing flow and infiltration of surface water in the usable airfield. Enclose, gate and track: enclose out of bars metal and barbed wire + gate + track of 3 m width and 200 m length within the discharge + signals "defence to throw refuse" 19

Distribution of polluting industries per activities sector (contribution to the pollution of air and water) Industrial sector Agroalimentary Numbers polluting companies 7 Mechanics, electric and metallurgical 4 Chemical 1 Textiles and clothing 9 Glassmaking, building materials, wood, cork and furnishing 6 Contribution to the air pollution Emission of toxic organic substances Emission of toxic metallic substances 24% 5% 3% 0, 50% 27% 4% 5% 40% 13% 8% 47% 27% 0, 90% 2, 20% 11% 4% 31% 9% 3% 8% Contribution to the water pollution 20

Synthesis q. Determination and establishment an inventory of environmental data requirements for the study area; q. Data-collect at the concerned establishments; q. Synthetic report related to the national strategy for the management of the waste water and hazardous substances : case of the study area; q. Report about Water. Ware input; q. Access data base in order to manage data of treatment stations plants; q. Digitalisation entities concerning the environmental analysis in 21 our study zone.

Objectives to be developed : q. Setting-up an environmental data base in order to followof the various sources of pressures on the quality of surface, underground and coastal water (solid waste, air pollution and hydrous rejections); q. Elaboration a detailed inventory of all sources of harmful effects and introduction all the geo-referenced or spatial data in G. I. S in order to analyze them and to apprehend their impact assessment; q. To lay out a interactive decision support system for better sensitising the deciders in order to adopt adequate measurements for preserving water resources and instantaneous follow-up of their quality. 22

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