Ham Radio Extra Class License Day 1 Noji

A little about Noji Amateur Extra Registered instructor for ARRL and W 5 YI

Purposes of this course • Prepare you for the Extra exam • Cover difficult-to-understand

Basic course outline Day 1 : Rules, Standards, Procedures Standards, privileges, problems, satellites Day

What we plan to accomplish today Introduce the course materials Cover • Foundation for

Introduction Reasons, scope of an Extra license This course will cover a large subset

Why get an Extra license? Transmit privileges on all amateur frequencies Get a better

Register with Ham. Study Register for a free account at Ham. Study. org Access

Ham. Study progress Be sure to study only one sub-element at a time Copyright

Get onto my website noji. com/hamradio § Study and Licensing location of these slides

Let’s speak the same language phone CW data HF VHF UHF mix product voice

Decibel review # d. B = 10 log 10(ratio) If the ratio = 2:

Decibel summary 3 d. B = 2 x 6 d. B = 4 x

Sine review Maclaurin series for trigonometric sine: When sine waves mix (multiply): sinx •

Square wave review If 2 L = the period A square wave is actually

E 1 : FCC rules and standards Operating standards Station restrictions Station control Amateur

Amplitude modulation pictured Modulating signal (audio) superimposed on a carrier signal This results in

Amplitude modulation calculated (don’t memorize or try this at home) Start with a carrier

Amplitude modulation analyzed (for your education only) So far c(t) = A • sin(2πfct)

Carrier and two sidebands AM bandwidth occupied by all three Copyright © 2020 Noji

Single sideband Remove the carrier and one sideband 3 k. Hz maximum for each

SSB phone agreement LSB : 160, 75/80, 40 meters USB : 60, 20, 17,

Band edge quiz 1 You hear the voice of a station calling CQ on

CW spectrum Very narrow bandwidth (150 Hz) but extends to both sides of the

Band edge quiz 2 CW station calling CQ on 7. 000000 MHz. Is it

60 -meter band is unique Limited to 100 W PEP Channelized frequencies Data has

Some antenna restrictions Location important to American history, architecture, or culture Environmental Assessment is

Spurious emissions Definition Signal outside its bandwidth that can be reduced without losing its

Maritime and air ham radio All amateur operations must be approved by the skipper

Spread-spectrum transmissions Transmitted frequency changes rapidly Interference-resistant algorithm Only on frequencies above 222 MHz

Station control Local control Direct manipulation by the control operator Remote control Controlled indirectly

Outside regular communication Business Must not transmit for pecuniary reasons No transmissions for hire

Borders Line A Parallel to and south of Canadian border No transmitting 420 to

Other rules RACES Any licensee can be certified Can use any amateur frequency Auxiliary

Earth and space stations Earth station 50 km of the earth’s surface Any amateur

Satellite communication Satellite service Amateur radio stations on satellites Telecommand station Controls a space

Satellite frequencies Mode designator Uplink and downlink frequency bands Mode U/V Receiving in UHF

Satellite linear transponder Linear because frequency offsets are constant All signal types can be

Satellite orbit Ascending Passing from south to north Descending Passing from north to south

More about satellites Rapidly repeating fading effect Satellite is spinning Antenna to minimize spinning

Ham radio examinations Minimum passing score is 74% (37 out of 50) Three volunteer

Volunteer examiners Supervises proper conduct during an exam Submits the application to the VEC

Volunteer examiner coordinator It’s an organization, not a person The VEC confirms the accreditation

E 2 : Operating procedures Television standards Contesting and DX operating VHF and UHF

Vestigial sideband VSB is AM, but using one complete sideband a portion of the

Fast-scan television (NTSC) (transmission) NTSC is the North American standard for fastscan ATV Separate

Fast-scan television (features) New frames transmitted 30 times per second Each frame is made

Slow-scan television (transmission) Approximate bandwidth is 3 k. Hz Analog images transmitted using SSB

Slow-scan television (features) Only an SSB receiver and a computer needed to decode SSTV

Contesting Can join in, even if you don’t submit a log Cabrillo is the

Working DX If the DX station is working a pileup, just send your call

Digital transmission A baud is the number of data symbols transmitted per second 300

Digital transmission error detection ARQ Automatic repeat request Automatically requests a re-transmission if it

JT 65 Digital mode that is especially useful for EME communication Can decode signals

FSK The most common HF data modulation The bandwidth of MFSK 16 is 316

FSK and RTTY software Displays contact information and integrity An ellipse disappears when selective

APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) Uses latitude and longitude to communicate your location An

More about digital transmission PACTOR can be used to transfer binary files on HF

End of Day 1 Your homework: Master E 1 and E 2 on Ham.

Skipped slides The slides that follow were removed from the main presentation in the

More about spectrum analyzers Able to determine Degree of isolation between 2 -meter duplexer

Dip meter Measures circuit resonance The tighter it’s coupled to the circuit being checked,

Slides: 63

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A little about Noji Amateur Extra Registered instructor for ARRL and W 5 YI Accredited VE for both ARRL and W 5 YI Degrees in Electrical Engineering & Math Currently an engineer in American Fork Involved in UCARES, TERT, RACES, CERT Wife, four kids, bunch of grandkids Love family, hamming, scouts, karate, astronomy, camping, hiking, church, DIY 50% Japanese, 30% German, 100% American Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Basic course outline Day 1 : Rules, Standards, Procedures Standards, privileges, problems, satellites Day 2 : Amateur Practices and Electrical Principles Analog, digital, components, characteristics Day 3 : Advanced Components and Practical Circuits Semiconductors, logic circuits, amplifiers, filters Day 4 : Antennas and Transmission Lines Radiation patterns, gain, beamwidth, SWR Day 5 : Signals, Emissions, Propagation Signal and emission types, safety, practices Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Introduction Reasons, scope of an Extra license This course will cover a large subset Try and stay awake Register with Ham. Study. org Become familiar with noji. com/hamradio Please contact me: knØji@arrl. net and 801 -368 -1865 Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Why get an Extra license? Transmit privileges on all amateur frequencies Get a better or shorter call sign Assist with administering exams as a VE Help out with contesting on otherwise unavailable frequencies (number 2) Prestige Tired of getting baby-sat at Field Day Possibly more credibility for teaching ham radio courses The sheer challenge (because you can, number 1) Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Let’s speak the same language phone CW data HF VHF UHF mix product voice signal or communication Morse code digital signal or communication 3 to 30 MHz 30 to 300 MHz 300 to 3000 MHz multiply two signals result of multiplying two signals Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Decibel review # d. B = 10 log 10(ratio) If the ratio = 2: 1, 10 log 10(2) = 3 d. B If the ratio = 4: 1, 10 log 10(4) = 6 d. B If the ratio = 10: 1, 10 log 10(10) = 10 d. B If the ratio = 1: 2, 10 log 10(1/2) = – 3 d. B If the ratio = 1: 4, 10 log 10(1/4) = – 6 d. B 10 log 10(8 / 2) = 10 log 10(8) – 10 log 10(2) = 9 – 3 = 6 = 10 log 10(4) Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Decibel summary 3 d. B = 2 x 6 d. B = 4 x 9 d. B = 8 x 10 d. B = 10 x 20 d. B = 100 x 30 d. B = 1000 x 23 d. B = 200 x 39 d. B = 8000 x – 3 d. B = 1/2 x – 6 d. B = 1/4 x – 9 d. B = 1/8 x – 10 d. B = 1/10 x – 20 d. B = 1/100 x – 30 d. B = 1/1000 x – 23 d. B = 1/200 x – 39 d. B = 1/8000 x Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Sine review Maclaurin series for trigonometric sine: When sine waves mix (multiply): sinx • sinv = ½[cos(x – v) – cos(x + v)] sinx • cosv = ½[sin(x – v) + sin(x + v)] Sine and cosine are the same, but shifted: cosx = sin(x + ½π) = sin(x + 90°) Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Amplitude modulation calculated (don’t memorize or try this at home) Start with a carrier frequency c(t) = A • sin(2πfct) And your modulating signal (voice) m(t) = M • cos(2πfmt) Force m(t) to be positive by assuming M is between Ø and 1, and by adding 1 (bias) 1 + m(t) (because we can’t have negative sound) Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Amplitude modulation analyzed (for your education only) So far c(t) = A • sin(2πfct) 1 + m(t) = 1 + M • cos(2πfmt) Vary the amplitude with the voice signal by mixing (multiplying) y(t) = [1 + m(t)] • c(t) y(t) = [1 + M • cos(2πfmt)] • A • sin(2πfct) y(t) = Asin(2πfct) + [Asin(2πfct) Mcos(2πfmt)] Using the identity sinx • cosv = ½[sin(x+v) + sin(x-v)], y(t) = Asin(2πfct) + ½AMsin(2π(fc+fm)t) + ½AM sin(2π(fc-fm)t) The result (product) is the carrier, plus two sidebands Now you know what makes up AM and its sidebands Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Band edge quiz 1 You hear the voice of a station calling CQ on 7. 127 MHz. Is it legal to key up your mic and answer it? Nope: LSB will extend 3 k. Hz down, 1 k. Hz below the band edge Can this station be calling legally? Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

60 -meter band is unique Limited to 100 W PEP Channelized frequencies Data has 2. 8 k. Hz bandwidth CW must be set to the center frequency Also (not on the exam) it uses USB Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Some antenna restrictions Location important to American history, architecture, or culture Environmental Assessment is required before placing one in an officially designated wilderness or wildlife area Must obtain FAA approval per Part 17 rules before placing one near an airport Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Spurious emissions Definition Signal outside its bandwidth that can be reduced without losing its intended information If interfere with broadcast Limit your hours of operation Maximum emission Spurious emissions allowed to -43 d. B Permit for emission Can obtain a permit (STA) to experiment with spurious emissions and interference Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Maritime and air ham radio All amateur operations must be approved by the skipper or pilot in charge US air and sea vessels require FCC ham licenses to operate amateur equipment The FCC ham licensee must be in control of ham equipment on US air and sea vessels Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Spread-spectrum transmissions Transmitted frequency changes rapidly Interference-resistant algorithm Only on frequencies above 222 MHz No harmful interference Use only in an FCC-controlled area (USA) No obscuring of messages Maximum power is 10 W Used for 2. 4 GHz mesh networks Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Station control Local control Direct manipulation by the control operator Remote control Controlled indirectly through a link Control operator must be present at the control point Must implement a 3 -minute timeout if link fails Automatic control Control operator does not need to be at the control point Only repeaters, auxiliary, and space stations apply HF repeaters limited to 29. 500 ― 29. 700 MHz Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Borders Line A Parallel to and south of Canadian border No transmitting 420 to 430 MHz north of it CEPT Allows US amateurs to operate in Europe National Radio Quiet Zone Area surrounding the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (between Virginia & West Virginia) Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Other rules RACES Any licensee can be certified Can use any amateur frequency Auxiliary station Technician and higher can control RF amplifiers Can resell for below 2 m if used Must satisfy spurious emission standards at full power Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Earth and space stations Earth station 50 km of the earth’s surface Any amateur can operate one Space station Must be able to terminate telecommands HF = 40, 20, 17, 15, 12, and 10 meters VHF = 2 meters Any amateur can operate one Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Satellite communication Satellite service Amateur radio stations on satellites Telecommand station Controls a space station Any appropriate station designated by the space station licensee Store-and-forward Stores digital messages for later download Relays messages around the world Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Satellite linear transponder Linear because frequency offsets are constant All signal types can be relayed Limit your ERP to avoid reducing the downlink power to other users Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

More about satellites Rapidly repeating fading effect Satellite is spinning Antenna to minimize spinning effects Circularly polarized Geostationary satellite Appears to stay in one position How to locate a satellite Calculate using its Keplerian elements Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Ham radio examinations Minimum passing score is 74% (37 out of 50) Three volunteer examiners (VEs) must administer Element 4 (Extra) exams Three VEs must certify each passing score If an examinee fails, the application is returned to the examinee by the VE The VEC can choose to administer the exam by real-time internet video Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Volunteer examiners Supervises proper conduct during an exam Submits the application to the VEC following a successful examination Not allowed to administer exams to VE relatives Terminates the exam if instructions are not being followed Penalty for fraud by the VE is revocation of the VE’s license Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Vestigial sideband VSB is AM, but using one complete sideband a portion of the other Reduces bandwidth from straight AM Allows for simple circuitry Video resolution needs this Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Fast-scan television (NTSC) (transmission) NTSC is the North American standard for fastscan ATV Separate VHF or UHF audio link, FM sub-carrer, and FM of video are common You’re likely to find FM ATV transmissions on 1255 MHz Blanking is the disabling of the scan beam as it travels across the screen Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Fast-scan television (features) New frames transmitted 30 times per second Each frame is made of 525 horizontal lines Interlaced pattern generated by scanning alternating even and odd line numbers Color information carried in the Chroma signal Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Slow-scan television (transmission) Approximate bandwidth is 3 k. Hz Analog images transmitted using SSB on HF by tones representing the video Restricted to bandwidths no greater than voice on phone segments Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Slow-scan television (features) Only an SSB receiver and a computer needed to decode SSTV The VIS code in SSTV identifies the SSTV mode being used 128 or 256 lines per frame Tone frequency encodes the picture brightness Specific tone frequencies signal a new line Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Contesting Can join in, even if you don’t submit a log Cabrillo is the standard log format self-spotting on a spotting network is prohibited No contesting on the 30 -meter band Largest activity in a VHF/UHF contest near the weak signal segment Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Working DX If the DX station is working a pileup, just send your call sign once or twice After sunset, switch to a lower frequency if the DX stations get too weak to copy The DX station might be listening on another frequency due to calling frequency prohibition, to separate the calling from DX stations, or reduce interference A QSL manager handles QSL card traffic Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Digital transmission A baud is the number of data symbols transmitted per second 300 baud is the most common HF packet data rate 300 -baud packet has the fastest data throughput Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Digital transmission error detection ARQ Automatic repeat request Automatically requests a re-transmission if it detects errors FEC Forward error correction Transmits extra data to detect and correct transmission errors Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

JT 65 Digital mode that is especially useful for EME communication Can decode signals many d. B below the noise floor using FEC Can decode signals with a very low signal-tonoise ratio Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

FSK The most common HF data modulation The bandwidth of MFSK 16 is 316 Hz Direct FSK applies the data signal to your VFO FSK 441 is especially designed for meteor scatter signals Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) Uses latitude and longitude to communicate your location An APRS station with a GPS can show a mobile station’s location during an event AX. 25 is the digital protocol for APRS Unnumbered Information is used by APRS to transmit beacon data Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

More about digital transmission PACTOR can be used to transfer binary files on HF PSK 31 uses variable-length coding on HF for bandwidth efficiency PSK 31 has the narrowest bandwidth Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

Skipped slides The slides that follow were removed from the main presentation in the interest of time, but are included here for future consideration or to complete your study of the applicable subelements Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff

More about spectrum analyzers Able to determine Degree of isolation between 2 -meter duplexer input and output Whether a crystal is operating on its fundamental or overtone frequency Transmitter spectral output Caution Be sure to attenuate the transmitter output going into the analyzer Copyright © 2020 Noji Ratzlaff