Habitat Use of the Snowshoe Hare Melissa Pacheco

Habitat Use of the Snowshoe Hare Melissa Pacheco Winter Ecology Spring 2010 Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder

Introduction How does the snowshoe hare (lepus americanus) allocate time between different habitats? How does the spatial structure of the forest affect the habitat use of the snowshoe hare?

Introduction Specifically between two environments Semi-closed lodge pole pine forest Semi-open aspen and willow grove

Introduction Literature suggests: • Hare avoid open areas due to predation risks(Orr, 1982) • Shrubs are not an important component of cover (Malaney, 2006) • Variety of vegetative features are important (Monzón, 2004) • In Utah, lodgepole pine habitats were used much more extensively then aspen habitats (Dolbeer, , 1975) Hypothesis: There will be more evidence of snowshoe hare activity in the semi-closed environment.

Introduction • Relevance to ecology: – Snowshoe hare essential to ecosystems that they live in • Predators include: foxes, coyotes, wolves, lynx, bobcats, mink, weasels, owls, mountain lions, hawks, & wolverine (Shefferly, 2007) – considered a keystone species (Kurta, 1995) depending on ecosystem – Gain knowledge of the ecology of important species

Methods • Randomly selected study area with semi-open habitat bordered by semi-closed environment • Stretched 100 m field tape along border • Random number generator picked 4 values – 9, 26, 71, 91 • Walked either side of field tape for 10 m at corresponding distances • Recorded presence of hare tracks and depth into each environment

Methods Semi-open Habitat Semi-closed Habitat – 100 m field tape – 10 m transect into each microhabitat –Stream

Semi-closed Habitat Semi-open Habitat

Methods Limitations of study design • Data collect required good weather/ snow conditions • Depth into habitat had no meaning • Study area included stream

Data Transect Semi-closed (m) Semi-open (m) 1 3. 5 5. 4 2 6. 2, 6. 4 TNP 3 9. 3 2. 3, 8. 5 4 TNP 0. 8, 2. 5 TNP- tracks not present

Data Semi-open Habitat Semi-closed Habitat – 100 m field tape – 10 m transect into each microhabitat –Stream Observed Tracks

Data Abundance Total # Tracks Present Semi-open Semi-closed 4 5 Frequency Semi-open Semi-closed . 75

Results

Results • Difference in abundance is not significant • Frequencies between habitats were equal

Discussion • Frequency suggests similar distribution between habitats • Fail to reject null hypothesis • Both habitats are likely to contain important features • Type of predator may influence cover required • Complimentary habitats being used in same way

Discussion • Spatial structure not only factor differentiating habitats • May have found different effect in other mountain winter ecosystems • Possible sources of error – Not enough data, need replicates – Can not tell if tracks came from same individual or from separate SSH

Conclusion • Frequency suggests similar distribution between habitats • Both habitats likely include important features for snowshoe hare ecology • Complementary habitats

Special Thanks My Mother & Justin D’Atri

Questions?

Literature Cited Dolebeer, R. A. , C. R. Willam. “Population Ecology of Snowshoe Hares in the Central Rocky Mountains” The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jul. , 1975) pp. 535 -549 Kurta, A. 1995. Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Malaney, J. L. , J. K. Frey. “Summer Habitat Use by Snowshoehare and Cottontail at Their Southern Zone of Sympatry” The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Jun. , 2006), pp. 877 -883 Monzón, A. , P. Fernandes, and N. Rodrigues. "Vegetation structure descriptors regulating the presence of wild rabbit in the National Park of Peneda. Gerês, Portugal. " European Journal of Wildlife Research 50. 1 (2004): 1 -6. Print. Orr, C. , D. G. Dodds. “Snowshoe Hare Habitat Preferences in Nova Scotia Spruce-Fir Forests” Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 1982), pp. 147 -150 Shefferly, N. 2007. "Lepus americanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed February 06, 2010 at http: //animaldiversity. ummz. umich. edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_ americanus. html.