Gwastraff anifeiliaid Animal wastes Prosiect CEFN Conwy Project

Gwastraff anifeiliaid / Animal wastes Prosiect CEFN Conwy Project

Cefndir / Background • ~ 90% o wastraff organig y DU / ~90% of organic waste in the UK • Cynnydd / Increase – Dwyshad / Intensification – Gaeafu dan do / Increased farm housing – Carthion yn gymysg â hylif (slyri) / Faeces mixed with liquid waste (slurry)

Gwaredu ar dir / Disposal to land • Hen arferiad / Ancient practice • Manteisiol i bridd, ailgyflwyno maethion / Benefits soils, reintroduces nutrients • Sydyn & hawdd / Quick & easy • Rhad / Cheap • ‘Clymu’ a diwenwyno cemegion a phatogenau/ ‘Binds’ and detoxifies chemicals and pathogens

Chwalu gwastraff / Spreading waste • Dadansoddi gwastraff cyn chwalu / Analyse wastes before spreading • Faint i chwalu yn dibynnu ar / how much to spread depends on – Y math o wastraff / Waste type – Math a chyflwr y pridd / Soil type and condition – Faint sydd wedi’i chwalu o’r blaen / Past applications – Math o gnwd / Crop type

Ond… But… • Cyfrifol am ~55% o achosion o lygredd amaethyddol / Accounts for ~ 55% of agricultural pollution incidents • Allyriadau nwyon tŷ gwydr / Greenhouse gas emissions • Pathogenau / Pathogens – – E. coli O 157 Salmonellae Campylobacter Cryptosporidium

Pathogenau / Pathogens • Anifeiliaid heintiedig ddim yn dangos symptomau • Lefelau yn amrywio gyda oed yr anifail, diet, tymor • Gall arwain at heintio dynol – Lefelau isel sydd angen – Plant, henoed a phobl o gefndir trefol • Cylchynu’r pathogenau yn yr amgylchedd • Ail-heintio anifeiliaid • Infected animals asymptomatic • Levels vary with animal age, diet, season • May lead to human infection – Low infection dose – Children, elderly and those of urban background • Cycling of pathogens in the environment • Re-infection of animals

Goroesiad E. coli O 157 survival

Cylch ecolegol fawr / Large ecological cycle Bovine reservoir Bovine/Ovine reservoir Wild birds and other vectors Crops and soil Surface water Ground water

Y sefyllfa / The issue (1) • Gall chwalu gwastraff anifeiliaid arwain at lygru microbaidd (e. e. wedi glaw trwm) • Rheoliadau cynyddol gaeth o ran gwaredu gwastraff (WFD, traws-gydymffurfio, NVZ, ayyb) • AY yn monitro safon dŵr yn aml • Spreading animal wastes may lead to microbial pollution (e. g. following heavy rainfall) • Increasingly stringent regulations regarding waste disposal (WFD, cross -compliance, NVZ, etc. ) • EA regularly monitor water quality

Y sefyllfa / The issue (2) • Colli incwm gan ffermwyr a’r • Potential loss of money to economi ehangach farmers, plus the wider economy – Gwelyau cregyn gleision Conwy (£ 270, 000 o golled y flwyddyn) – Twristiaeth • Angen adnabod y ffynhonnell/au (gwaith carffosiaeth, meysydd carafannau, cychod, ffermydd, adar) – Conwy mussel beds (£ 270, 000 loss per annum) – Tourism • Need to identify the source/s (sewage works, caravan parks, boats, farms, birds)

Proffil: Gwastraff lladd-dy Profile: Abattoir waste

Chwalu ar y wyneb Surface application

…nawr wedi ei wahardd …now banned

Y gyfraith The law • Gellir chwalu gwastraff os profir 1) bod hynny’n ddiogel a 2) ei fod o fudd amaethyddol / Can be spread if 1) proven to be safe and 2) has agricultural benefit Asesu effaith elifiant lladd-dy ar dyfiant glaswellt Abattoir effluent on pasture growth

Chwalu gwastraff eraill? Spreading other organic wastes? • Helpu i leihau • Will help reduce dibyniaeth ar wrtaith reliance on artificial artiffisial; ond dylir fertiliser; but need to cofio am ficrobau remember about microbes

Gwastraff bwyd a chompost Food waste and compost

Llaid carthion Sewage sludge

Lleihau llygru microbaidd Reducing microbial pollution • Beth ddylem wneud fel diwydiant? – Wedi cael digon ar gael eich gwylio, arolygu a’ch monitro? – “If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em” – Angen bod yn ragweithiol – Yr un atebion i bob problem, mwy neu lai – Gall CEFN eich helpu • What do we do as an industry? – Fed up of being watched, inspected and monitored? – “If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em” – Pro-active approach needed – Effectively a “one-size fits all” approach – CEFN can play a role

Spreading methods

Dulliau chwalu Spreading methods • Ar y wyneb / Surface application • Chwistrellu (bas neu ddyfn) / Injection (shallow or deep)

Chwalu ar y wyneb v chwistrellu Surface application v injection • Manteision chwistrellu – Lleihau colliant o amonia – Llai o ddŵr ffo – Llai o effaith ar flasusrwydd glaswellt – Rhoi’r maetholion yn nes at wreiddyn y planhigyn – Yn gyffredinol, llai o chwalu pathogenau a lleihau eu goroesiad • Benefits of injection – Reduced ammonia loss – Reduced runoff – Less effects on grass palatability – Places nutrients in plantroot zone – Generally, reduced spread and persistence of pathogens

Goroesiad E. coli O 157 survival Avery et al. 2004

‘Ffiltro’ gan wlypdir ‘Filtering’ by wetlands • “Dal” microbau / “Captures” microbes

Lleihau goroesiad a gwasgariad pathogenau Reducing pathogen survival + dispersal • Gadael digon o amser rhwng hel a chwalu / Allow sufficient time from collection to spreading • Troi tail neu awyru slyri / Effective turning of manure pile or slurry (aeration) • Chwalu yn ofalus / Careful land-spreading • Lleoli storfeydd yn ofalus / Careful placement of stores

Option Benefits Poor utilisation of nutrient. Risk of land damage. Pollution risk. Common option. No Treatment (Direct spreading) Routine Task. Least cost. Avoids need for intensive spreading campaign. Better nutrient utilisation by targeted spreading. Flexibility. Enables treatment options. Crusting and sedimentation problems. Capital costs. Increased odour potential. Integral component of treatment processes. Reduces liquid volume. Reduces crusting and sedimentation in storage. Improved homogeneity. Easier pumping. Composting of fibre Cost of pit, pump, gantry and separator. Operational costs. Reliability. Important process for store management and crop utilisation. Used with biological treatment processes. Reduces odour and BOD. Provides mixing. Generates heat, which could be utilised. Capital and operational costs. Separation necessary for most slurries. Selection of optimum system difficult. Best option where environmental pollution is a risk, particularly odour. Reduces odour and BOD. Biogas production. Easier handling of liquid. High costs. Management critical. Continuous gas’ production requires use if benefits are not to be lost. Continuous process. Attractive option. where energy supply an issue. Reduces odours. Saleable product. Can include other byproducts. Volatile emissions. Capital and operational costs. Marketing skills required. Very important to establish markets before following this route. Storage Mechanical Separation Aerobic treatment Anaerobic digestion Solids composting Drawbacks Comments

Casgliadau / Conclusions • Gall gwastraff amaethyddol gynnwys pathogenau • Nifer o ffyrdd i leihau goroesiad a gwagariad pathogenau • Pwysig fod ffermwyr yn ran o unrhyw benderfyniadau • Gwell cael cynllun gwirfoddol • Bydd prosiect CEFN yn gymorth i ffermwyr leihau’r siawns o lygredd microbaidd • Agricultural wastes may harbour pathogens • Many ways to minimise pathogen survival and propagation • Important that farmers are involved in any decisionmaking • Better if a voluntary scheme • CEFN project will help farmers reduce chances of causing microbial pollution

Cwestiynau? Questions? Cyllidir y project hwn yn rhannol trwy’r Cynllun Datblygu Gwledig a gyllidir yn rhannol gan yr Undeb Ewropeaidd a Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. This project is part funded through the Rural Development Plan which is part financed by the European Union and the Welsh Assembly Government.