Gunpowder Empires of Asia Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire

�Used the arts to display political power ◦ Monumental architecture, urban design, literature and

�All three were military creations ◦ Relied on guns to help spread their power

�Important Aspects ◦ Ghazi ◦ Devshirme �Bureaucracy �Janissaries ◦ Osmanli �Oversee the palace �Oversee

�Important Aspects ◦ Twelver Shiism � 12 infallible imams after Muhammad �Isma’il believed to

�Important Aspects ◦ Relationship between Muslim ruling elite and Hindu majority ◦ Abolishment of

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Gunpowder Empires of Asia • Ottoman Empire • Safavid Empire • Mughal Empire

�Used the arts to display political power ◦ Monumental architecture, urban design, literature and arts �Used religious ideas to legitimize their rule �Used differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups �Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites and military professionals �Used tribute collection & tax farming to fund territorial expansion Rulers used a variety of ways to legitimize and consolidate power.

�All three were military creations ◦ Relied on guns to help spread their power ◦ Relied on military prowess of rulers and elites �Authority derived from religious piety �All three relied on bureaucracies �All had productive agrarian economies �Importance of Steppe traditions ◦ All were Turkish in origin ◦ Autocratic rulers imposed their will on the state �Women wielded unusual influence (at times) Dynastic States

�Important Aspects ◦ Ghazi ◦ Devshirme �Bureaucracy �Janissaries ◦ Osmanli �Oversee the palace �Oversee the military �Civil administration �State religion of Islam ◦ Millet system �Important Rulers ◦ Mehmed II �Conquered Constantinople �Expanded into Europe ◦ Selim the Grim �Doubled the size of empire �Killed all claimants but one ◦ Suleyman the Lawgiver �Artistic and cultural revival �Major naval power The Ottoman Empire

�Important Aspects ◦ Twelver Shiism � 12 infallible imams after Muhammad �Isma’il believed to be the 12 th or “hidden” imam ◦ Qizilbash (red hats) ◦ Defeat at Chaldiran in 1514 �Guns were unmanly (but still could kill you easy enough) �Important Rulers ◦ Shah Isma’il �Came to power at 14 �Forced Shi’ism on his people ◦ Shah Abbas the Great �Relocated to Isfahan ◦ Jewel of urban dev. �Reformed the admin & military institutions �Interacted with people from the West The Safavid Empire

�Important Aspects ◦ Relationship between Muslim ruling elite and Hindu majority ◦ Abolishment of the jizya or religious tax on non-Muslims ◦ Development of religious syncretism called “divine faith” that focused on the emperor �Important Rulers ◦ Babur �Founder of empire ◦ Akbar �Expanded territory and centralized power �Religiously tolerant ◦ Aurangzeb �Expanded to almost control all of India �Revoked policies of tolerance The Mughal Empire