Gunpowder Empires 1450 1750 Muslim Empires n n

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Gunpowder Empires 1450 -1750

Gunpowder Empires 1450 -1750

Muslim Empires n n n Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Emerged from central steppe nomads All

Muslim Empires n n n Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Emerged from central steppe nomads All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their courts after early Islamic empires

Gunpowder Empires n 1450 -1750, rise of sea-based power in Europe n n Empires

Gunpowder Empires n 1450 -1750, rise of sea-based power in Europe n n Empires in Middle East and Asia continued to rely on roads, armies, and inland urban areas for military and economic influence Made use of guns, muskets, cannons n n *Ottomans also had a large navy and dominated Med. Sea Gunpowder Empires: Russia, Ottoman*, Safavid*, Mughal*, Ming and Qing China, and Tokugawa Japan n *Muslim empires that represent the height of Muslim political and military power

Ottoman Empire n n n Named for founder Osman, they were given land in

Ottoman Empire n n n Named for founder Osman, they were given land in Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks in return for aid against the Mongols Lasted from 13 th C. to 1922, peak in 16 th C. Expanded due to weakening of Byzantine Empire, 1453 captured Constantinople after a seige and renamed it Istanbul n n Suleiman Important Muslim center, Hagia Sophia turned into a mosque (Justinian cried a little) Reached height under Suleiman (the Magnificent or the Lawgiver)

Political Characteristics n Sultans were both political and military leaders n Large bureaucracy centered

Political Characteristics n Sultans were both political and military leaders n Large bureaucracy centered in Istanbul n n n Vizier: assistant to sultan, head of bureaucracy warrior aristocrats controlling areas of empire Devshirme System n Required Christians to pay tribute in the form of boys n Special training, learned Turkish, Converted to Islam; became either bureaucrats or soldiers: Janissaries n n n Given control of guns and heavy artillery, eventually had a say in government Eventually Janissaries and Viziers gained so much power that they challenged authority of Sultans No clear succession laws, sons often warred with each other when Sultan died Janissaries

Economic Challenges n n Istanbul center of trade (just like Constantinople before it) Mid-17

Economic Challenges n n Istanbul center of trade (just like Constantinople before it) Mid-17 th century, economic decline n n Empire too large Increasing corruption and heavy taxes Peasant revolts Inflation due to large amounts of New World silver (Ottomans had set rate for silver, when Europeans brought new world silver in, their silver cost less so they could buy more)

Social Characteristics n Majority Sunni (*Know this) n n Expanded into Egypt, Europe, Caucasus:

Social Characteristics n Majority Sunni (*Know this) n n Expanded into Egypt, Europe, Caucasus: large number of Christians and Jews Sultans supported public works, religious scholars, artisans, poets, architects, schools, hospitals, Mosques, etc… Large number of merchants and artisans with guilds Relations with Europe (or lack thereof) n Saw Europeans as backwards and marginal, their culture superior: Led them to ignore major changes Europe was bringing to the world n n ex. Ignored Printing press, could not print arabic-corrupting to holy language Lost control of Med. To Phillip II of Spain in 1571, never again would dominate, also lost control of many ports in Indian Ocean to Portuguese

Safavid Empire n Turkish nomads, Shi’ite n n 16 th C. united under Ismail

Safavid Empire n Turkish nomads, Shi’ite n n 16 th C. united under Ismail n n Declared ruler was a stand-in until the Hidden Imam returned Safavids and Ottomans fought often, due to religious differences n Shah Ismail uniting Safavids by force Believed that descendants of Ali should be the heir to Islam: Imam 12 th imam disappeared as a child, Safavids believed an Imam would return the “Hidden Imam” Did not have a united political base Battles between the two set limits of Shi’ite expansion: In modern day Iran and Iraq surrounded by Sunni countries

Politics, Economics, and Culture n Politics: n Reached Peak under Shah Abbas I n

Politics, Economics, and Culture n Politics: n Reached Peak under Shah Abbas I n n Turkish chiefs became warrior nobility and supervised their lands (like Ottomans) Economics: n n Similar to Janissaries, Russian boys were captured, converted, and used as soldiers Brought in European advisors for technical knowledge (they were infidels, but beating Sunni more important) Promoted trade, capital Isfahan (far inland, so less cultural diversity) Guilds, silk industry, Rug/carpet industry (most important) Also influenced by inflation of silver Culture: n Mixture of Turkish and Persian traditions; but much of culture built on ancient Persia Court of Shah Abbas I at Isfahan

Mughal Empire n India controlled by Muslim Delhi sultanate (from 13 th C. )

Mughal Empire n India controlled by Muslim Delhi sultanate (from 13 th C. ) n n 1583 India taken by Babur; founded Mughal Empire n n n Tendency of India to fragment, people primarily Hindu Mixture of Mongol and Turkish people from Asia Dominated India until 17 oos, but ruled in name until 1858 Empire extended under grandson, Akbar n Empire reached height and power

Political Characteristics n n Military power based on land (no navy) Goal of spreading

Political Characteristics n n Military power based on land (no navy) Goal of spreading Islam-although some rulers were more tolerant, such as Akbar Succession was a problem like Safavid Akbar n n n incorporated many Hindu Rajas into positions in military and bureaucracy to ease tensions Encouraged marriage between Mughals and Hindu Abolished Jizra-head tax on non-Muslims Taxes based on each regions potential for wealth Ended ban on building of Hindu temples, made Muslims respect cows Laws lasted through his successors to Aurangzeb Jesuits at Akbar’s Court

More Rulers n Jahangir and Shah Jahan n n Patrons of the arts esp.

More Rulers n Jahangir and Shah Jahan n n Patrons of the arts esp. miniatures Built mosques, tombs, schools, palaces n n n Less interest in conquest and politics Large court library (begun by Akbar who was illiterate, but lived to have books read to him) Both love of pleasure: politics, economics, and military issues neglected Aurangzeb succeeded them and tried to restore empire n n Most Devoted husband EVER!! Most famous Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan for his wife n n n Also tried to rid subcontinent of all religions but Islam=lots of resentment Conquered more land, but spent all money Local leaders plotted against him Ended Akbar’s reforms At his death, empire was at its largest, but VERY unstable=Europeans perched ready to take advantage

Economics and Society n Trade network based on cotton, indigo, and silk n n

Economics and Society n Trade network based on cotton, indigo, and silk n n n By 17 th C. much trade with Europeans No navy, so merchant ships privately owned, many ships owned by Portuguese and Dutch Religion n Continued conflicts between Hindu and Muslims Akbar attempted to create “Divine Faith” blend of Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Hindu and Sikh beliefsdid not last after his death Nanuk (1469 -1539): At first tried to reconcile Hinduism and Islam, then became 1 st guru of new faith: Sikhism Nanuk, Sikh Guru

Women in the Muslim empires n n n Patriarchal, seclusion for women, veiled Unequal

Women in the Muslim empires n n n Patriarchal, seclusion for women, veiled Unequal politically, socially and economically Some wives of rulers were able to gain power Political power: Harem intrigue In Mughal: n n Child marriage common Practice of Sati (Akbar and Shah Jahan both outlawed)

Ming and Qing Dynasties 1368 -1912

Ming and Qing Dynasties 1368 -1912

Europe in SE Asia n n Asia generally thought of Europe (or didn’t think

Europe in SE Asia n n Asia generally thought of Europe (or didn’t think of it) as backwards, but Europe was beginning to be felt globally by the 17 th and 18 th centuries SE Asia most affected; Portuguese and Dutch both focused on region Europeans took over two governments in this region and set up regimes that favored mercantilism n Philippines: Manila became capital of Spanish commerce in Asia n Indonesia: Dutch set up trading center in Java China, Japan, and Korea much more resistant to Europeans Dutch Map of Batvia, the trading capital of Java

End of Yuan Swag. n Rulers after Kublai Khan weak and plagued with corruption

End of Yuan Swag. n Rulers after Kublai Khan weak and plagued with corruption n n Scholar-gentry began encouraging rebellion against “barbarian” oppressors” Banditry widespread in countryside while piracy major problem on seas China fell into chaos Power was grabbed by a peasant: Ju Yuanzhang who would begin Ming (“Brilliant”) Dynasty and change his name to Hongwu

Early Ming Dynasty n Overthrew Mongols in 1368 n Hongwu, first Ming emperor n

Early Ming Dynasty n Overthrew Mongols in 1368 n Hongwu, first Ming emperor n n n Eunuchs from the Qing Dynasty n Goal to remove all traces of Mongol rule Established government based on traditional dynasties Revived Confucian education and Civil Service Exams Centralized government at new capital: Nanjing Ming rulers insisted on absolute obedience and were suspicious of non. Chinese Government used emissaries called Mandarins to make sure orders followed in outlying regions Relied on eunuchs for governmental service (did not have families to challenge rule)

More Ming n At first tried to spread power and hegemony by sailing throughout

More Ming n At first tried to spread power and hegemony by sailing throughout SE Asia and Indian Ocean n Zheng-he, Muslim Eunuch, admiral of the huge Ming Fleet Eventually, scholar-gentry afraid of power of eunuchs, destroyed fleet and stressed traditional culture Believed China weakened by contact with others n n Cautious of trade with outsiders Believed that best to model itself on greatness of the past n n Repaired irrigation systems, Great Wall, factories, internal trading connections Promoted Chinese traditions: Confucianism and Neo. Confucianism

Later Ming: Politics n Capital returned to Beijing and Forbidden City was built n

Later Ming: Politics n Capital returned to Beijing and Forbidden City was built n n n Housed more than 20, 000 people to serve emperor and family Bureaucracy revived, exams largely unchanged Large armies with good leaders and organization, but not as technologically advanced as those of the West Map of Forbidden City

Later Ming: Economy n n Strong commercial activity, greater percentage of merchants than other

Later Ming: Economy n n Strong commercial activity, greater percentage of merchants than other regions even though merchants still low class Portuguese traded new world silver for luxury goods, but behavior offended Chinese: only allowed at one port: Macao Much urban growth Lagged in technology n n Europeans adapting and improving technology Chinese became more isolated and took little notice of technological advances outside of China

Later Ming: Trade n n Ethnocentric, did not need much from others High point

Later Ming: Trade n n Ethnocentric, did not need much from others High point in interaction between China and Japan n n Shoguns emulated Chinese culture Both countries plagued by pirates Trade limited with Europeans except for a few contacts with Dutch and Portuguese Did tolerate some Christian Missionaries Ming sailors fighting pirates

Christian Missionaries n n Had come to China before, but Plague and Yuan had

Christian Missionaries n n Had come to China before, but Plague and Yuan had disrupted During Ming, Jesuits came to China n Matteo Ricci showing a clock to the Ming Emperor Most famous Matteo Ricci n n n Italian who hoped to convert the emperor Knew that Chinese had great respect for learning and refinement and studied Chinese culture, reading, and writing Also knew that court was interested in European science, technology and mechanical inventions: intrigued Chinese with bronze cannons, cuckoo clocks, and a giant clock that chimed the hours (The funniest part of this picture is that it is from a cosplay site…who is cosplaying Matteo Ricci? ? ? )

More Jesuits n Tried to convince emperor of similarities between Confucianism and Christianity n

More Jesuits n Tried to convince emperor of similarities between Confucianism and Christianity n n Held services in Chinese, allowed shrines to ancestors; had little success Pope eventually alarmed at comparisons and ordered priests to follow accepted Christianity n n n Chinese ordered missionaries to quit preaching Missionaries weakened, had neither papal or imperial support Effects n n Opened China to European influence Writings of the Jesuits stimulated an interest in China for Europe

Decline of Ming We’re Back…. again… n n Central Asian nomads began attacking borders

Decline of Ming We’re Back…. again… n n Central Asian nomads began attacking borders (Again? !? ) Series of weak emperors, corruption, court factions Peasant rebellions Northern Manchurians seized China from the north n Named their dynasty the Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty n n Symbolic of throwing out bad rulers and returning to traditional Chinese culture Problem: They were outsiders

Qing Dynasty 1644 - 1911 n Conquered Beijing in 1644 n n By the

Qing Dynasty 1644 - 1911 n Conquered Beijing in 1644 n n By the late 18 th C. , China had reached its largest size in history Encouraged separation between Manchus and Chinese n n Highest posts filled by Manchus Left scholar-gentry in charge of most bureaucratic positions Forbid intermarriage Forced Chinese men to shave front of head and grow a queue n Sign of submission to dynasty “Grrr. ”

Expansion under Qing

Expansion under Qing

Politics n n Civil service exams more competitive than ever: district, provincial, and metropolitan

Politics n n Civil service exams more competitive than ever: district, provincial, and metropolitan levels State highly centralized with emperor “Son of Heaven” n n n Secluded, privileged life in Forbidden City Everyone who came to see emperor had to perform Kowtow (elaborate bow with three separate kneelings) Rulers n Kangxi (1661 -1722) and Qianlong (1736 -1795) n n 19 th C. Kowtow n Their rule lasted over 130 years Prosperous, powerful, and wealthy empire Both Confucian scholars Kanxi talented military leader Qianlong’s reign so prosperous that four times he cancelled tax collection

n n Economic Prosperity based on agriculture: n n n Wheat, rice, and millet

n n Economic Prosperity based on agriculture: n n n Wheat, rice, and millet Enhanced by crops from New World: Potatoes, maize, peanuts Led to a rapid rise in population n Eventually population growth would outpace food production Strengthened by silver n n Traded for silk, porcelain, and tea Greatly aided Chinese economy, unlike Muslim empires

Women in Ming n Highly patriarchal, emphasis on Confucianism increased control men had over

Women in Ming n Highly patriarchal, emphasis on Confucianism increased control men had over women n n Preference for sons (only they could take exams) Widows encouraged to commit suicide Footbinding popular Could not divorce, but husband could put aside wife for disobedience of adultery

Society n Status of scholar-bureaucrats grew n n Below gentry were peasants, artisans and

Society n Status of scholar-bureaucrats grew n n Below gentry were peasants, artisans and merchants n n n Wore distinctive clothing and treated with deference by people Merchants still had lowest status Rich culture: philosophy, literature, history, calligraphy, painting, poetry Porcelain became major art form: wealthy Europeans desired it along with painted scrolls and screens

Last Dynasty Yay! You know them all!!

Last Dynasty Yay! You know them all!!

Tokugawa Japan 1603 -1867

Tokugawa Japan 1603 -1867

Feudal Japan n n 12 th -16 th Centuries Feudalistic hierarchies, emperor ruled in

Feudal Japan n n 12 th -16 th Centuries Feudalistic hierarchies, emperor ruled in name only n n Shogun, highest military official, held true power Local control under territorial lords: Daimyo n n n Each had own loyal samurai Pledged allegiance to Shogun, but acted independently Late 16 th C. , civil war broke out among several daimyos and several warlords emerged n Most famous was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, broke power of warring daimyos and unified Japan in 1590 n n n Wanted to rule China, Korea, and India Began attacking Korea, but died before much progress Unified Japan for the first time in history

Tokugawa Shogunate n n 1603 -1867 After Hideyoshi, daimyos met under leadership of Tokugawa

Tokugawa Shogunate n n 1603 -1867 After Hideyoshi, daimyos met under leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu n n n Established centralized government in 1603 Capital was at Edo Government called Bakufu or “tent government”, implying that it was a holding place for the true emperor Daimyos still had much power Tokugawa Shoguns carried out policy: Daimyos had to go to Edo every other year (this meant the Shogun had direct control over 50% always) n Weakened daimyos by n n n Affecting wealth: they had to maintain two households Absence from lands meant it was hard to establish a firm power base Daimyo needed permission to marry or build

Economics and Society n n Encouraged economic growth because less warring within Japan Increased

Economics and Society n n Encouraged economic growth because less warring within Japan Increased agricultural production due to better irrigation, water control, and fertilizer n n Rapid population growth Curbed by birth control, late marriage, abortion, and infanticide n Needed because Japan had limited space Edo During Tokugawa Period

Rise of Merchants Japanese Market during the Tokugawa Shogunate n Social hierarchy influenced by

Rise of Merchants Japanese Market during the Tokugawa Shogunate n Social hierarchy influenced by Confucianism n n n Ruling elites: shogun, daimyo, samurai Middle class: peasants and artisans Lower class: merchants n n n As trade flourished merchants began to be wealthier than upper classes elite’s finances based on agricultural production while the merchant’s based on luxury goods During times of peace samurai left with little to do and became poorer n Forbidden from entering into any other profession, so many worked for merchants

Arts and Learning n Culture shaped by Shintoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism n Elites influenced

Arts and Learning n Culture shaped by Shintoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism n Elites influenced by Neo-Confucianism, many wrote in Chinese n n n Kabuki theater during the Ming n Some scholars emphasized Shinto because it was traditional, felt Neo. Confucianism diluted Japanese culture Japanese writing less characters than Chinese, so greater literacy n n Tokugawa Shogunate supported Neo. Confucianism Did have moveable type, urban middle class became literate Poetry, novels, satires, Kabuki plays were most popular Urban teahouses, brothels, public baths popular because allowed people to escape from rigid decorum of society

Japan and the Europeans n Portuguese in mid-16 th C. first to Japan n

Japan and the Europeans n Portuguese in mid-16 th C. first to Japan n Followed by traders and missionaries n n Wanted pottery, lacquerware, and copper Missionaries: goal of converting to Roman Catholicism n n n First tried to convert daimyos Hideyoshi concerned (Converts refused to obey feudal lord’s orders if they believed they conflicted with Christianity) and ordered missionaries to leave in the 1580 s. Tokugawa banned Christianity in 1614 n n n Drove missionaries away, those who refused were killed 300, 000 Japanese Christians killed Tokugawa began restricting foreign trade n By 1640 s only Dutch and Chinese ships allowed and only on island of Deshima Europeans at the port of Deshima

Dailies: Gunpowder Empires 1. What were the 3 gunpowder Empires? 2. How were they

Dailies: Gunpowder Empires 1. What were the 3 gunpowder Empires? 2. How were they different from the European Empires? 3. Describe religion in the Mughal Empire? Who were the Sikhs? 4 -5. Give two reason that the gunpowder empires declined.

Dailies: Ming and Qing n n n Who were the Jesuits? Why did the

Dailies: Ming and Qing n n n Who were the Jesuits? Why did the Chinese allow the Jesuits into China? Who were the Qing (where were they from)? Why were guns banned in Japan? Describe the Reconquista.