Gulf War I I Iraq Kuwait Dispute Kuwait

Gulf War I I

Iraq – Kuwait Dispute • Kuwait part of Ottoman province of Basra • The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1922 • UAE and Kuwait exceeding its OPEC quotas resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq • slant-drilling across the border into Iraq's Rumaila oil field

UN Declarations, Failed Diplomacy

• August 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait • UN 678 gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline.

Coalition • 34 countries the largest since WW II • Kuwait $15 Billion • Saudi, Syria, Egypt, Oman, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar

17 January 1991 • The Air War • Elimination of Iraqi air force radar capabilities, media centers • Ground War • 24 February Coalition Enters Kuwaiti forces liberate Kuwait City • After 4 days Iraqi forces leave Kuwait • Coalition extents to 150 miles from Baghdad before withdrawing to the Kuwait border

Battle of 73 Easting • The bulk of Iraqi forces positioned in Kuwait supported by reserve IRG tanks • Global Positioning System technology • 3 US mechanized divisions advanced 120 miles in 82 hours • First ever ground defeat of the Republican Guard

• Highway of Death • War Crimes? • https: //www. youtube. c om/watch? v=hhm. Xle. ZX Ar 0 • Kurdish and Shi’ite uprisings • Rebellion put down by Republican Guard

Outcomes • Coalition did not seek regime change or occupation • Increased sectarianism • Kurdish autonomy • Increased military cooperation: US and Gulf States

New World Order (11 September 1991) • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=byxe. OG_ p. Z 1 o

Francis Fukuyama The End of History (1992) • What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government