Guillaume Lematre Franois Rameau Medical Imaging Techniques Franois

Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Medical Imaging Techniques François Rameau Guillaume Lemaître 17 th February

Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Outline

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Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Medical Imaging Techniques François Rameau Guillaume Lemaître 17 th February 2009 1

Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 2

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 3

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Introduction Computer vision and imaging theory are used in medical imaging techiques Important to know basic notions of these technologies Medical imaging allows to : Create a reconstruction of human body Reveal, diagnose and examine diseases Study of metabolism and morphology Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 4

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 5

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography – Functionning First Radiograph in 1895 X-ray : wavelength = 5 picometers The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 6

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography – Functionning White represents high density Black represents low density Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 7

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Radiography – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Excellent for imaging bones Noninvasive Good availability Low cost Disadvantages: : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Harmful rays Bad results for soft tissues 9

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 10

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Computed Tomography (CT) – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Cardiac Imaging Bones Imaging Cerebral Imaging Reconstitution of organs in 3 D Pulmonary Imaging 14

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Computed Tomography (CT) – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Excellent for bones imaging Provides 3 D anatomical information Good availability Noninvasive Disadvantages: : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Harmful rays Bad result for soft tissue Claustrophobia 15

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiograph Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 16

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning MRI is based on NMR : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Consequence : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Use spin theory 19

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Spin theory : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Compass needle Hydrogenous Atom 20

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Initial Position : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Position of moment 21

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Parallel direction: Antiparallel direction Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Parallel direction 23

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Excitation - Relaxation : Excite moment of spin with Lamor frequency defined by : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Noyau 1 H Spin Net 1/2 γ(MH z/T) 42, 58 24

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Excitation - Relaxation : Align moment of spin on xy scale : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 25

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Excitation - Relaxation : Calculate relaxation time Long relaxtion time = high energy emitted Short relaxation time = low energy emitted Reception of energy with antenna Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 26

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Field of use Angio – MRI Cardiac – MRI Cholangio – MRI Cerebral – MRI Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 28

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Main modality for image guided surgery Superb ability to discriminate between subtle differences in tissue characteristics Very safe Disadvantages: : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Less accurate for bone scanning Problem with metal corps Problem of avaibilaty Cost of machine MRI (3 million €) 29

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 30

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning Injection of radioactive product : Fluorine associated with glucose The device emits positrons Positrons create reaction with tracer (radioactive product) : Gamma ray Emission of gamma ray is detected by the machine Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 31

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Oncology Neurology Cardiology Psychiatry 33

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Functional imaging Used in a lot of domains Amount of radiation is small Disadvantages: : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Invasive method 34

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Outline Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Conclusion 35

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Transducter : Emit ultrasounds Receive the echo of ultrasounds emitted Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 38

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Translation of echo : Compare the emitted frequency and the received frequency Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 39

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Examples of slices and reconstruction with ultrasonography : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 40

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medical ultrasonography – Field of use Cardiology Endocrinology Gyneacology Obstetrics Ophtalmology Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 41

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Medical ultrasonography – Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Noninvasive Clean & safe In-expensive Disadvantages: : Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Noisy Gas filled and bony structures cannot be imaged because they absorb ultrasound waves. 42

Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Constant development in medical imaging Each method is specific Thanks for your attention 44