Gruppo SIS dal 1989 94 dal 1995 99

Gruppo SIS dal 1989 -94 dal 1995 -99 SIS-1 dal 2000 -2002 SIS-2 n. Chi siamo. n. Stumentazione Disponibile. n. Attività di Ricerca: Risultati e Prospettive. n. Progetto 6/14/2021 FRIBs @LNS. G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 1

CHI SIAMO • G. Immè • G. Raciti • C. Sfienti Assegnista (2002 -2006) • A. Saja Dottorando • M. De. Napoli Laureando • S. Rascunà “ • E. Rapisarda “ • L. Spezzi “ 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 2

Strumentazione HODO 96: (96 tripli telescopi: Si(50 m) +Si(300 m) +Csi(6 cm) PD read-out; 3 x 3 cm 2) HODO 80: (80 doppi telescopi: Si(300 m) +Csi(10 cm) PD read-out; 1 x 1 cm 2) MICROSTRIP X-Y. 12 detectors 5 x 5 cm 2 con 16 x 16 strips con i rispettivi: • PREAMPLIFICATORI (1 -45 -90 mv/Me. V) • AMPLIFICATORI (-10 Volts Max) con uscite ECL (L. E. e Zero Crossing) • STRETCHERS • QDC FASTBUS , Crate, SFI(adattatore FBVME), CPU VME, VSB-VME (per accoppiamento Front-End) 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 3

Ca+Sc 40 AMe. V LNS 1997 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 4

GSI -Cave. B -ALADi. N 1995 1000 AMe. V Target Spectator Fragmentation 50÷ 200 AMe. V Participant Fragmentation ã TOF & ZDO b selection ã HODOSCOPES Coincidences 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 5

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FIASCO-HODO 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 7

Grandezze Misurabili: • Separazione Isotopica (Z<10) • Spettri Energetici • Correlazioni (particella-particella e frammento-frammento) DQ=2 Me. V/c • su un angolo solido di Necessita di: Filtro Informazioni 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 8

6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 9

Sn+Sn 40 AMe. V SIS-FIASCO Experiment LNS 2001 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 10

… under chemical equilibrium. . . S. Albergo et al. Il Nuovo Cimento A (1985) 3 - sources fit Moving Sources: Expanding Participant + Projectile + Target Isotopic Yield +Calibration Theoretical Models +Corrections Sequential Decay 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 11

Uncorrelated Background determination Event-Mixing technique Geometry Reproduction Koonin. Pratt Formalism Without efficiency With efficiency 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 12

¶Coincidences’ spectrum ·Event Mixing ¸Correlation function ¹Background Subtraction Emission Temperature Calibration- Curve +Montecarlo Simulation Efficiency Function 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 13

Particle-Particle Coincidence Measurements 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 14

HIntensity Interferometry Hanbury-Brown-Twiss Nature, 177, 27 (1956) h R-3 2 He-Resonance h Uncorrelated Emission q>>1/R R(q) 1 Coulomb Antisymmetrization 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 15

r+v 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 16

Definition of Coordinates: +Possible Effects: ãLong (Side, Out) Source Deformation 6/14/2021 ãLong Side 17 Life-Time Effects G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001

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D. Boal and J. Shillock PRC 33(1986)549 r Unknown Two-Particle wave function r Unfolded numerical results are available r Experimental setup efficiency Cross comparison between experimental and calculated integrals 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 19

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PHYSICS • Multifragmentation • Calorimetry • Temperature & Density Measurements • Open Problems: Caloric Curves Emission vs Isotopic Temperatures Excitation Energies 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 22

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+ Multifragmentation Va po riz ati on ÀIncident Energy Multifrag. io at or ap Ev n pattern independent on: ÁProjectile Mass Target Mass Universality of Spectator Fragmentation 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 25

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Centrality J. Pochodzalla et al. Phys. Rev. Lett 1995 Similarity with the H 2 O bulk CC. . . 6/14/2021 1 st order Liquid. Gas Phase Transition in G. Raciti, I- Meeting 27 Nuclear Matter? NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001

“ … As with all interesting physics, in the beginning there's a lot of controversy, and we don't know who's right yet. . . " Indra and EOS Collaboration 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 28

A = Cost CENTRAL Collisions A 170 -180 (Kr+Nb) A 80 (Ca + Sc) A=82 A 177 Projectile Fragmentation A 35 Size Effects • Theoretical Models 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting • Experimental Evidences NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 29

M. Schimidt et al. Nature (1998) Irregular Variation in the melting point of Size-Selected atomic clusters. Cluster Size 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 30

Dynamic Statistical Multifragmentation Model -C. B. Das and L. Satpathy PRC 57(1998)35 Kink for A 120 Other models predict A 100 Static Thomas-Fermi prescription - J. N. De et al. , PRC 55(1997)1641 The kink in the CC is related to a well-defined peaked structure for the specific heat 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 31

Binding Energy Surface Energy +Surface Effect rather than Volume. G. Raciti, I- Meeting 6/14/2021 October Effect NUCLEX Firenze, 2001 32

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More evidence for equilibration EBeam invariance of THe. Li +New Thermometer TBe. Li • Rise. Independence on the specific 3 He/4 He properties Statistical decay of Equilibrated breakup. G. Raciti, I- Meeting 6/14/2021 configuration ? ? NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 34

6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 35

r Expansion +Cooling Adiabatic Expansion of an ideal gas Central Collisions Radial Flow Expansion b. Flow More Cooling 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 36

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ãZero-Lifetime approximation G… large variation for the spectator masses. . . +Agreement with the SMM predictions +Breakup configuration of low density 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 39

Calorimetry requires a complete knowledge of all decay products, including their atomic numbers, masses and kinetic energies & X. Campi et al. PRC 50(1994)2680 +Only neutron data were available +Assumptions about the N/Z ratio of spectator matter g EBeam dependence Ekin(n) dependence g SMM values always smaller 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting than the measured NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 ones 40

Simple underestimation? Does the whole proton energy contribute to thermal behaviour? Influence of the Energy Spectra on the excitation energy determination âOpen points : SMM predictions âSolid points: Experim. spectra. 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 41

+Very high temperature values from the maxwellian fits. +Goldhaber Idea: äProduct Momenta in fast fragmentation have their origin in the nucleonic Fermi motion within the colliding nuclei G As a thermalized system with high temperature 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 p. F 265 Me. V/c T=15 Me. V 42

• Nucleon momentum W. Bauer, PRC 51, 803 (1995) distribution at temperature TIN: • Fragment momentum = sum of momenta of nucleons in it • Problem equivalent to solving Pearson random walk in momentum space +Fragment slope Temperature Teff is not equal to TIN but is a monotonous function of it / Rise as a consequence of the THe. Li rising 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 43

+ISOTOPE TEMPERATURE vs SPECTRA TEMPERATURE +where +W. Bauer Phys Rev C 51(95)803 +r/r 0=0. 07 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 44

+ From the systematic Study of the Nuclear Caloric Curve: +THe-Li and TBe-Li thermometers give consistent results + The “plateau” like behaviour of the Nuclear Caloric Curve exhibit Dependence on the Size of the system + Probing Thermodynamics of Finite System +The “Latent heat” deduced from C. C. of different systems indicate a dependence on the Surface +Nuclear Thermometers Cross Comparison 4 Energy Spectra and the Role of Fermi Momentum 4 Emission. vs. Isotope Temperature as clock +HBT Interferometry +Source radii can be deduced and Density determined if the system mass is known. +“Imaging” analysis under development +Temperature -Density measurements might enable us to sample thermodynamic evolution of nuclear systems 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 45

F R I Bs In Flight Radioactive Ion Beams June 2001 LNS 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 46

RIBs Production Methods 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 47

RIBs Facilities In Flight Laboratory Accelerators RIB Separator GANIL NSCL-MSU GSI RIKEN DUBNA LANZHOU C Cyclotrons SIS Cyclotron C Cyclotrons Cyclotron SISSI+LISE A 1200 FRS or ESR RIPS LNS-Project ETNA(1994) ACCULINNA&COMBAS RIBLL RIB Energies <95 A Me. V <200 A Me. V <1. 2 A Ge. V <150 A Me. V <100 A Me. V <80 A Me. V ISOL Laboratory Louvain-le Neuve SPIRAL-GANIL ISOLDE-CERN TRIUMF-Vancouver ORNL Oak Ridge ANL Argonne LNS-Project 6/14/2021 Driver Accel. Cyclotron C Cyclotrons PS Booster Syncrotron Cyclotron Post Accel. RIB Energies K 110 Cyclotron CIME LINAC TANDEM ATLAS 0. 2 -12 A Me. V 2 -25 A Me. V <2. 2 A Me. V 1. 5 -6. 5 A Me. V 25 MVolt 6 -15 A Me. V EXYCT(1994) G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 48

RIBs FACILITIES-2001 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 49

GOAL • Minor Modification of the existing Beam Line with a final improvement of transport degree of freedom. • Only commercially available devices. • Reasonable Budget (<150 Keuro) • Ready in one year. • Primary Beam currents in the en. A range. • Primary Beam Energy in the present CS range. • No Competition with other RIBs Facilities But • Competitive experiments with the existing 4 p Detectors: • MEDEA+MULTICS+MACISTE • CHIMERA • FIASCO+HODO 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 50

Separator’s Parameters 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 51

Fragment Separator D 2 Degrader Q 7 Q 8 Q 9 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 D 1 Q 4 Q 5 Q 6 Prod. Target Normalized optical functions and beam envelopes <X> (blue) and <Y> (red), at the symmetric tuning of FRIBs with Rp=1000, o= 22 mrad, o= 13 mrad, o= 1. 0%, xo= yo= 1. 5 mm, d=0. 0 (TRANSPORT calculation. ) 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 52

Lay-out Test Point Fragm Separator Production Target 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 53

Production Target Q 1, 2 Be targets 250 and 500 m thick are mounted in one of the old TANDEM Stripper Q 3 quadrupole must be installed 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 54

Fragment Separator Q 9 D 2 Q 8 Q 7 Q 4, 5, 6 Q 4 and Q 9 replaced by larger acceptance commercial elements 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 55

DEGRADER or NOT DEGRADER • ADVANTAGES: Better MASS Resolution and Selection • DISADVANTAGES: • Straggling • Reduced Yields • Different settings of the Optics • Aberrations and their compensation 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 56

LISE Simulation 40 Ar+Be(400 m) -- 40 Cl NO DEGRADER 40 Cl Al (120 m Degrader) 40 Cl 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 57

EXOTAG POINT TEST POINT D 2 SWITCHING MAGNET Alpha Source Silicon Detector Plastic Scintillator 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 58

First Results Spectrum 62 AMe. V B =2. 256 Tm 120 Energy Loss in Si (300 m) Counts (a. u. ) 12 C+9 Be(500 m) 100 80 60 40 20 C 12 0 4. 5 4. 75 5 5. 25 5. 75 Energy (Me. V) 6 6. 25 6. 5 TOF Spectrum Counts (a. u. ) 600 500 400 300 200 100 Time (nsec) 0 185 190 195 200 205 210 Time (nsec) Energy Resolution < 0. 6% Time Resolution < 2 nsec 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 59

First Results C 12+Be 9(500 um) 62 AMe. V Bp=1. 8764 LISE Simulation d. E-TOF 12 C 62 AMe. V + 9 Be 500 m settings on 11 C No. Degrader, d. E-Detector=Si (300 m) 13 N 12 N 11 C 10 C 9 C 7 Be 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 8 B 60

Counts (a. u. ) Production Rate 12 N Counts (a. u. ) Energy (Me. V) 10 C Counts (a. u. ) Energy (Me. V) 8 B Energy (Me. V) Ratio's: Y( N 12)/Y( C 10) = 2. 11 " (LISE) 1. 83 Y( C 10)/Y( B 8)= 3. 3 = 3. 2 Absolute Values for N 12 Ibeam = 500 ep. A Acquisition Time= 20 min N counts =2200 (2 ions/sec) Ibeam =10 n. A Rate= 1700 Ions/sec T=20 min N=2. 040. 000 (LISE) Reduction Factors: 0. 05 (current) 0. 06 (actual acceptance 0. 2 First Dipole 0. 3 Wedge) 0. 33 ( 1/3 RF spill accepted) TOTAL=0. 001 EXPECTED Rate: 2. 040 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 61

PLAN of RIBs Test Runs Primary Beam: • C 12 • Ar 40 • Ni 62 60 A Me. V 50 en. A 45 “ “ 50 “ “ What we want to measure: • RIBs Identification • Production and Transmission Rates • Characterization of RIBs phase space. 100 C 12 Ni 62 50 E(A Me. V) Ar 40 20 10 0 6/14/2021 40 80 G. Raciti, I-120 Meeting 160 AFirenze, (amu) NUCLEX October 2001 200 240 62

Test Points User Test Point Transmission Test Point Selection. Test Point Production Target 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 63

Detector Setup Plastic 1 cm Rate: >105 Energy Resolution: <1% Time Resolution <150 psec Dimension: 3 x 3 cm 2 Si 300 m PPAC X-Y Rate: >105 Energy Resolution: <0. 2% Time Resolution <1 nsec Dimension: 3 x 3 cm 2 Rate: 10 4 Position Resolution: <1 mm Time Resolution <500 psec Dimension: 4 x 4 cm 2 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 64

EPAX-LISE Calculation for Ar 40 + Be @45 A Me. V 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 65

Ar 40 (45 A Me. V)+ Be --> Cl 40 ( Half Life = 1. 4 min. ) Estimated Rate of Cl 40= 2. 4 104 pps 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 66

Ni 62 (50 A Me. V)+ Be --> Ca 45 ( Half Life = 160 days) Estimated Rate of Ca 45 = 3. 4 103 pps “ “ Co 62 = 2. 2 104 pps 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 67

Lise simulation Ar 40 --> Cl 40 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 68

Lise simulation Ni 62 --> Co 62 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 69

Physics: • Detection and identification of Rare Nuclei • Interaction cross section • Elastic and Inelastic scattering • Charge exchange • Knockout or Stripping reactions • Heavy-ion collisions • Giant dipole resonance • Coulomb excitation (2+) • Nuclear structure, rp-process • Nuclear size and shape, r-process • Lifetimes/b-decay studies • Radioisotopes for Medical Imaging 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 70

Estimated minimum beam intensities for various experiments with fast fragmentation RIBs@RIA. 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 71

Secondary Exotic Beam Intensity I = s F N 1 2 3 4 5 s: cross-section, F: primary-beam intensity, N: target thickness, 1: product release and transfer efficiency, 2: ion-source efficiency, 3: efficiency due to radioactive decay losses, 4: efficiency of the spectometer, 5: post-accelerator efficiency. F N = Luminosity 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 72

RIBs Production Rates vs Primary Beam Current and Thickness of production Target Production. Target Reference Point 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 73

RIBs RATES vs Experiments Production. Target 1 hour 1 min s=1 mbarn s=0. 5 barn s=1 barn 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 74

SUMMARY • Test of: Production, Identification and Transmission Rates of RIBs • Characterization of RIBs phase space. FRIBs project: • Minor Modification of the present beam line. • Only commercially available new devices. • One year to be ready. • Sufficient RIBs rate for Physics Experiments with the presently available 4 p detectors with moderate primary beams current. 6/14/2021 G. Raciti, I- Meeting NUCLEX Firenze, October 2001 75