Growth of International Trade 1000 1500 CE OBJECTIVES

Growth of International Trade 1000 -1500 CE

OBJECTIVES Interconnectedness of global trade pre-1450 n n n Trade links from Greenland to Western Europe Western and Eastern Europe to Muslim World Muslim world to Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia East Africa to India to SE Asia to East Asia Role of Central Asia in Trans-Eurasian trade Global Trade did not begin with the European maritime empires Cultural diffusion resulted from trade n n n Facilitated rise of Europe before 1450 Spread civilization to periphery of established cultures Spread religions and technology Show influence of trade routes

TRADE MAP c. 100 C. E.

THE POST-CLASSICAL CENTER Muslim World was the trade center n n n Muslim countries linked all continents The Hajj came to link all Muslims together Trade became associated with the Hajj, Muslim cities Quran is VERY favorable to merchants n n Required fair, honest business practices Trusted merchants as Muhammad had been one Exchanges not limited to goods n n Ideas including religion exchanged Technology exchanged Diseases exchanged Populations exchanged

THE MUSLIM WORLD, 1500 CE

TRADE IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

ASIAN LAND TRADE ROUTES Established during Han Dynasty by Nomads n Chinese paid nomads tribute in silk, traded for horses n Nomads traded silk, horses for glass, iron in West Silk Roads Across Central Asia n From Antioch (Syria) to Chang’an (China) n Shorter trunk lines to India, Russia, Africa Products n Silks, teas and porcelain from Guangzhou, China n Woolen cloth, horses, and ivory from Central Asia n Rubies, silver, pepper, and ebony from India n Carpets, linen, brocade, ceramics, iron from Muslim world n Wine, perfume, glass, silk, slaves, olive oil from Byzantines n Furs, wood, amber, slaves, and grain from Kievan Russia

IMPORTANCE OF LAND TRADE Spread Religions n n n Islam to Central, Western Asia, China Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan Christianity to Russia, China, India Technology diffused throughout Eurasia Foodstuffs, germs, flora/fauna diffused Mongolians kept trade routes open, working Influenced European desire to get to China Influence European desire to bypass Muslims

MAP OF THE SILK ROAD

AFRO-EURASIAN TRADE c. 1400 C. E.

TRADE CONNECTIONS

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE The Camel n n Made trade across desert possible Could carry great loads to trade From West Africa n n Gold, ivory, slaves, exotic feathers, spices Male slaves carried goods, then sold From Muslim North Africa n n Cloth, glass, metalwork, books Merchants, missionaries, travelers visited

AFRICAN TRADE NETWORKS Finished Goods, Iron Weapons, Books, Horses, Spices Gold, Slaves, Ivory, Feathers

SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANS-SAHARAN AND EAST AFRICAN TRADE Spread Civilization and Rise of Powerful African States n Aided in the rise of West African Empires n n n Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, Hausa people Swahili Culture n Blends Islam and Bantu elements n Trading cities: Zanzibar, Pemba, Pate, Mogadishiu Zimbabwe n Central African Bantu kingdom Links Cultures to Wider World n n Contact between Mediterranean and Sahel Linked East Africa to S. W. Asia and India Linked Forest West Africa to Sahel regions Linked Central Africa to East Africa Provided most of Eurasia’s pre-Columbian gold, Islam’s slaves Spread Islam to West Africa

MARITIME TRADE ROUTES Maritime Routes co-existed with land routes n Often safer than land because fewer stops n But seas could be very dangerous Requirements to maintain n Secure governments, states with agreements n Merchant conventions for exchanges n Elimination of piracy n Good navigation technology, knowledge of the seasons n Items with high profit margins to exchange n Cities on coast with protected harbors link to land routes Primary Geographic Areas n North Sea, Baltic Sea, English Channel n Mediterranean and its adjacent bodies of water n Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf n Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malucca, East China Sea

IMPORTANT OF MARITIME ROUTES Established cross-cultural contacts n n Exchanged ideas Furthered development of new ideas Opened interiors to trade with coast n n Coasts often most developed New ideas, products spread inland Caused rise of trading cities n Port cities and entrepots grow into key cities n Many became their cultures leading cities Spread religions Spread diseases Spread populations

TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE n Danish-Norwegian Empire n n n Settled Faroes and Shetland Islands, Iceland, Greenland n Conquered parts Scotland, Ireland, England n Created new states in Normandy, S. Italy, S. W. Asia Products n Furs, fish, and walrus ivory from Greenland n Iron, wood, glass, and grain from Norway n Wheat, wool, jewelry, leather from England, Ireland Swedish state ruled Sweden, Finland n n Products n Iron, copper, wood, fish, grain from Sweden n Wax, honey, skins, slaves, amber from Russia, Finland, Baltic Established state in Russia n Spread Christianity to Periphery lands n Both later established ties to Hanseatic League

MAP OF THE VIKING WORLD LONGSHIP KNÓRR

EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES European Revival around 1000 CE n n n Cities began to rebuild, expand Church was a major supporter of this revival, expansion Many cities on pilgrimage routes Manufacturing arose again as did guilds Giant Fairs arose as merchants moved goods between cities North Sea/Baltic Trade Routes n n n Hanseatic League: Northern German cities Maintained factories, trading depots in neighboring lands Cloth, wines, fish, timber, salt, iron, amber, copper Flanders and Low Countries: Brugges, Ghent n n Cities prospered under supportive nobles Came to specialize in woolens, wines, fine manufactures Both Hansa and Venice had trading agreements with Flanders

HANSEATIC TRADE ROUTES COG

MEDITERRANEAN TRADE Cities: Constantinople, Alexandria and Venice Byzantine Empire n n n Major terminus on the Silk Roads until 1206 Stole technology to raise silk from Chinese Provided a large market and stable currency for whole region Venice n n n Fine glass, woolens, cloth, wines from Europe Naval fleet (mude) was a middleman to transport goods Spices, silks, and other Asian goods to Europe from Muslim regions Egypt n n The commercial centers between three continents Linked Europe, Africa, Middle East, Indian Ocean regions Long distance trade handled by middlemen n n Jews between Europe and Muslim world Armenians, Nestorians between Muslim world and Asia

EUROPEAN & MEDITERRANEAN TRADE ROUTES

INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK Not a united network but a series of routes n Parts n n Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Bay of Bengal to Straits of Malucca to South China Sea One ethnic group dominated each zone n n n Arabs in Western Indians in Central Chinese in Eastern The largest peaceful zone of exchange of period n n n Groups had no formal agreements but cooperated States kept piracy down to minimum Groups met at key entrepot cities to exchange items Linked to Mediterranean and Silk Road by land routes

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE ROUTES COFFEE SLAVES IVORY HORSES SILKS GOLD STEEL CLOTH YARN SILKS INDIGO PEPPER GEMS ANIMALS DRUGS SILVER LACQUER SILK PORCELAIN SUGAR LUXERIES TEA

TRAVELERS COMPARED Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

EAST ASIA China was central to East Asia n n China was economically self-sufficient During periods, trade in the nature of tribute n n Ambassadors brought goods to Emperor sent out gifts Trade arose with increased contacts n n n Central Asian nomads demanded silk tribute Chinese demanded horses as tribute Nomads traded silk for finished goods in S. W. Asia Buddhist missionaries to China from India traded Spread of civilization to Vietnam, Korea, Japan, SE Asia Religious artifacts, luxuries often largest part of trade

SONG CHINA Greatest period of Chinese trade n n Cities often based on trade Great interest in Chinese goods Coins, bank notes, banking Merchants obtain great influence Hangchow was built on trade Chinese merchants active in Asia n n n Porcelain, lacquer, paper Guns and gunpowder Silk

MONGOL EMPIRE Mongol Empire united Central Eurasia n n Most lands of the Silk Road within empire Linked distant trading partners for first time Shifted trade away from Middle East Linked Europe across Russia to China Mongols tolerated, trusted merchants n Used foreign merchants for official business n n Used as emissaries Often used to govern lands ruled by Mongols Merchants protected by order of Khan Merchants could travel freely with permission Exchanges n n n Ideas Diseases especially the Black Death Technology especially gunpowder and fire arms

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

CHANGES & DISRUPTIONS Challenges n Mongol Empire destroyed existing states n n n Constant warfare turned friends into enemies Newer technologies made war more disruptive Black Death disrupted trading patterns n n Merchants spread disease, died first Cities, the basis of trade threatened, weakened Rise of Gunpowder states in 15 th century n n Guns formed great power; ships very different Destroyed nomads (Mongols), ended Silk Road Ottoman Turks monopolize SW Asian trade Portugal looks to end Venetian, Turk monopoly

TRADE ROUTES SPREADS BLACK DEATH

MING CHINA Ming Overthrew Mongols in China n n Reestablished traditional belief systems n Neo-Confucianism becomes state philosophy n Merchants relegated to lower status Trade n Is limited as China is economically autarkic n Foreign contacts distrusted Ming reestablish tributary status n n Tributary exchange of goods, gifts Sends out navy to reestablish system, search Foreign trade limited to one port: Guangzhou

MING CHINA

PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC TRADE Early Portuguese exploration n n Fostered, overseen by Prince Henry Establishes navigation school, trains sailors Seeks to break Muslim-Italian monopoly Establishes colonies at Maderia, Azores, Canaries Create sugar plantation systems n n Eliminates natives Plants sugar Uses African slaves – precursor to New World acquisitions Begins switch of slaves to Middle East to slaves to Atlantic Raids and contacts along West African coast n n Establishes contacts with Africans, trades for gold, slaves Strengthens resolve for water route to Asia Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut

THE PORTUGUESE WORLD