Growth and Development of Infants Baby Pictures Baby
Growth and Development of Infants
Baby Pictures Ø Baby Polar Bear Ø Adult Polar Bear
Baby Pictures Ø Puppy Ø Adult Dog
Patterns of Physical Development Head to toe Ø Lift head to see object l Muscle control: pick up l Walk towards Ø Near to far: trunk outward l Wave arms l Grab with palm of hand l Pick up with thumb and fingers Ø Simple to complex l Eating with fingers l Spoon and fork l
Weight Lose some after birth Ø 1 -2 lbs/month 1 st 6 months Ø 1 pound/month in 2 nd 6 months Ø l Birth weight: • • Doubled by 6 month Tripled by 1 yr 20 -22 lbs: avg wt of 1 yr old Ø l Heredity, feeding habits, and physical activity
Height Avg newborn =20 inches Ø Avg 1 year =30 inches Ø Heredity: influences height more than weight Ø
Proportion Large: head and abdomen Ø Short/small: arms and legs Ø Head grows rapidly b/c brain development Ø Soft spots allow head to grow and close Ø
Soft Spots
st 1 Year Physical Developments
Sight: Improves Rapidly Blurry at first, within week can focus on object 7 -10 inches away Ø 1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away Ø By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an adult Ø Prefer patterns with high contrast and faces l alternating stripes, bull’s eyes l Prefer color red Ø
Depth Perception Ø 2 nd month: recognize that object is three-dimensional, not flat
Hand-Eye Coordination Develop hand-eye coordination: l Move hands and fingers in relation to what is seen Ø 3 -4 months: reach for what they see l Essential for: • Eating • Catching a ball • Coloring • Tying shoes Ø
Hearing Ø develops before birth Ø At birth, can tell general direction sound is coming from Ø Prefer human voice l l soothing voice calms loud voice alarms
Smell and Taste Ø Within 10 days can tell mom’s smell Ø Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks old l show preference for sweet taste Ø Learn about world by using mouth
Voice Ø Cry becomes softer as lungs mature Ø Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords Ø Tongue and mouth interior change making speech development possible
Teeth Begin to develop in 6 th week of pregnancy l Primary teeth begin to appear between 6 -7 months of age l Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months) Ø Teething can be painful process l Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for liquid, coughing, and fever Ø how to help minor teething pain: l teething biscuits or rubber teething rings l rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily l teething medication Ø
Motor Skills Ø Abilities that depend on use and control of muscles Ø Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, social, emotional, and physical development Ø Ø Fine Motor Gross Motor Suck Reflex Rooting Reflex
Activity Ø Make a list of 3 -5 toys and/or activities that help develop hand-eye coordination for infants up to 1 year old. Ø Provide colored illustrations for each toy or activity. Ø 3 -5 colored illustrations
The Developing Brain
Structure of the Brain Ø The brain receives and interprets messages from the body, so it is key for intellectual development Ø The brain is divided into different sections that control specific functions of the body
Parts of the Brain Ø Cerebrum- receives information from senses, directs motor activities l l Speech, memory, and problem solving Occur in outer layer called cortex Ø Thalamus- connect spinal cord and cerebrum l Expressions and emotions Ø Cerebellum- controls muscular coordination and balance
Parts of the Brain continued Ø Spinal Cord- transmits info from the body to the brain; vice versa Ø Brain Stem- controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure Ø Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual development
How the Brain Works Ø Neurons sprout arms called dendrites and axons l l Reach toward other neurons, but never touch Tiny gaps called synapses; this is where messages are sent from one neuron to another Neurotransmitters are released by axons to attach to other dendrites The more times the same axon and dendrite connect, the stronger the connection grows and messages are sent more quickly
How the Brain Becomes Organized Ø The more arms neurons grow and the more links that develop between different neurons, the more paths the brain has l More paths equal more power and flexibility Ø Organization of brain grow’s on child’s experiences l The group of neurons becomes linked together and controls a particular task
How the Brain Becomes Organized continued Ø Connections of neurons can be broken l Connections can be lost and others added at the same time Ø Developments have an impact on the appearance of the brain
Speeding the Brain’s Work Ø Myelin makes it easier for axons to transmit signals, it speeds their work Ø All axons are not coated when a baby is born, only those that control basic instincts Ø Axons become coated as a child grows Ø Axons that control motor abilities, vision, and hearing receive coating first
Rules to Build a Brain By Ø Keep it simple and natural l Rich environment- lots of loving interaction and talking Ø Match experiences to the child’s mental capacities l Learn by physical experiences Ø Practice makes perfect l Repetition
Rules to Build a Brain By continued Ø Make sure the child is actively involved l Learn by doing Ø Provide variety, but avoid overloading l Give range of experiences, avoid being overwhelmed Ø Avoid pushing the child l Learn better if emotionally involved
Is the Brain Only Organized Once? Ø 1 st year of life is not the only time that the brain can become organized Ø Children who have suffered brain damage can learn to speak Ø Older people who have a stroke- where neurons die in one part of the brain- can relearn skills by using another part of the brain
Brainstorming Activity Ø Name some activities that promote the growth of connections in the brain of infants. Ø Next, draw a picture of the brain using page 261. Label each part of the brain and their function.
Handling and Feeding Infants
Gentle Handling of an Infant Never shake a baby Ø Shaken baby syndrome- when someone severely shakes the baby usually to make them stop crying Ø l l l Damages the brain Learning problems Mental retardation Blindness Deafness death
Gentle Handling of an Infant continued Ø Safe ways to handle a stressful situation with crying: l l Put baby down in a safe place and calm down Ask a friend or relative to care for the baby Take deep breaths Talk out your problems
How to Handle a Newborn Safely Ø Refer to diagram on page 269 of Developing Child” “The
Feeding Methods
Feeding a Baby Ø First few weeks, 6 -8 times a day Ø Breastfed babies tend to eat more often Ø 2 nd or 3 rd month, once every 3 -4 hours Ø When a baby reaches 12 pounds, he will sleep through the night because the stomach can hold more food
Feeding Methods Ø Breast milk or formula during the 1 st l No cow’s milk until 1 year
How to Feed with a Bottle Ø Hold baby is semi-upright position Ø Support neck and head with the head held above the stomach Ø Hold the bottle at an angle l Prevents swallowing air Ø Never prop a bottle l Choking hazard, tooth decay, digestive problems
Bottle Warming Ø Formula does not have to be served warm Ø Never heat a bottle in the microwave l Can cause hot spots Ø Heat bottle in a pan of water on the stove Ø Run under hot water Ø Use a bottle warmer Ø Check the temperature by shaking a few drops on your wrist
Sanitation Ø Throw left over formula in the bottle away Ø Wash and sterilize all bottles and bottle parts after each use l l Boiling water Dishwasher Ø Both eliminate bacteria contamination
Burping a Baby Ø Burping helps expel air the baby swallowed Ø You should burp a baby once during feeding and once after
Types of Formula Ø Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF)
Powder Ø Mix with water Ø 1 scoop per 2 oz water Ø Make on needed basis
Concentrate Ø Dilute with water Ø 1 can formula with 1 can water Ø Use within 24 hours
RTF Ø No mixing required Ø More expensive Ø Use within 24 hours
How much formula? Ø 55 calories/pound each day Ø Standard formula: 20 calories per ounce Ø Example: How many ounces does a 12 pound baby need each day?
Breastfeeding Basics http: //video. about. com/breastfeeding/Breastfeeding. htm
Why Breastfeed? Ø Healthy Ø Free Ø Bonding Ø Natural Ø Builds immune system Ø Mom burns more calories and loses weight quicker
How long should you breastfeed? Recommend 1 st 6 months Ø First milk- colostrum Ø l High in fat, protein, antibodies 20 minutes on each breast Ø Feed on demand Ø 5 -6 wet diapers Ø 3 -4 dirty diapers Ø http: //video. about. com/breastfeeding/Breast. Feeding-Positions. htm Ø
Nutrition Ø Avoid gassy foods: l Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foods Ø Avoid alcohol l “pump and dump” Ø Mom’s diet becomes baby’s diet
Video Clips and Pictures http: //www. ameda. com/breastpumping/videos/po pup_video. aspx? id=Latch. On. English Ø http: //www. breastfeeding. com/helpme_vi deo_4_bf_positions. html Ø http: //www. breastfeeding. com/helpme_vi deos/18_how_baby_sounds_bfing. html Ø Ø http: //similac. com/feeding-nutrition/diaper- decoder
Breastfeeding vs Breast Pump http: //video. about. com/breastfeeding/Breast-Feeding-Positions. htm Ø Pumping is an alternative to breast feeding Ø Use manual or electric pump Ø Hand express Ø Some babies cannot latch on Ø Mother feels uncomfortable
Storage Ø Room temp 6 -10 hrs Ø Refrigerator 5 -7 days Ø Freezer 3 -6 months Ø http: //video. about. com/breastfeeding/Stori ng-Breast-Milk. htm
Sanitation Ø Clean breasts with warm water and dry towel after feeding Ø Soap will remove natural oils l Cause drying or cracking Ø Can use a breast cream
How to stop breastfeeding Ø Slowly wean the baby Ø Milk will eventually dry up Ø Could experience engorgement l Hand express to relieve discomfort
New Foods
Weaning Ø Introduce sippy cup around 6 months Ø Put fruit juice in a cup, never in a bottle
Introducing New Foods Introduce solids around 4 -6 months Ø Cereal first Ø l l Ø Mix with breast milk or formula to make it runny Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle Vegetables, then fruits l l 1 new food at a time for at least 3 days Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle Never feed straight from the jar Ø 8 -10 months, start using fingers; eventually move to spoons Ø
What Infants Need to Stay Healthy Ø Enough calories to provide rapid growth Ø Protein, iron, vitamins B, C, and D Ø Food that is easy to digest Ø Adequate amounts of liquid
Other Infant Care Skills
Bathing a Baby Ø Sponge baths for the first two weeks while the navel heals l l l Soft bath towels Soft washcloth Diaper Mild soap Baby shampoo Ø Warm room for the bath Ø Lukewarm water; test with elbow
Bathing a Baby continued Ø Support the baby with your hand begin washing the face l l l Never rub, the face is very tender Wash each part of the body one at a time Creases of skin should be thoroughly dried after washing
Bathing a Baby continued Ø Wash the scalp using tear-free baby shampoo once or twice a week l l Can just use water other days Cradle cap- patches of yellowish crusty scales • Apply baby oil or lanolin at night • Gently loosen scales with washcloth or soft hairbrush and shampoo the hair in the morning
Bathing a Baby continued Ø Baby powder and lotion are not necessary l Powder safety- apply to your own hands and rub together then rub on baby’s skin Ø Baby can be bathed in a tub once the navel heals Ø Never leave a baby unattended in the bath
Dressing a Baby Ø Sleeper- one piece stretchy garment with feet Ø Cotton clothing helps skin breathe Ø More durable clothes for crawlers l Pants, padded knees, cotton shirts Ø Pants with snaps for easy diaper change
Dressing a Baby continued Ø Shoes are not needed until the baby is walking outside l l Best to learn walking barefoot so baby can grip floor with toes Nonskid socks are good for hard floors Clothes should be flame retardant Ø Clothes are sized by age and weight Ø l Ø Babies grow rapid Avoid loose strings and long ties on clothing
Diapering a Baby Ø Cloth diapers- least expensive l Wash separately in hot water Ø Disposable diapers offer more convenience Ø Babies need about 12 -15 diaper changes a day l l Newborn wets several times an hour, but not enough to be changed each time Older babies will let you know
Supplies Needed to Diaper a Baby Ø Changing table or sturdy surface Ø Wet washcloth or wipes Ø Powder
How to Diaper a Baby Ø Remove the diaper and clean the baby Ø Put on a fresh diaper l l Slide under bottom Bring diaper up between legs and fasten Ø Dispose of used supplies Ø Wash hands Ø Diaper rash- change more frequently, expose infected area to air as much as possible, special creams
Sleep Ø Newborns sleep 12 -20 hours a day l By 1 year has 2 -3 sleep periods including naps Ø Preparation for sleep: l l Change diaper and clothes, wash face/hands Rock to calm the baby Put the baby in the bed on it’s back Follow the same routine to provide comfort each time
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