GROWING SECTIONALISM Slavery 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1815 Treaty

GROWING SECTIONALISM

Slavery 1803 • Louisiana Purchase 1815 • Treaty of Ghent • Solidifying northern borders 1819 • Adams-Onis Treaty • Purchase of FL 1820 • Missouri Compromise THE SEEDS OF SECTIONALISM

OLD SOUTH DRIES UP • Over-cultivation depleted arable land in Southeast, slaveholders relocated and their agricultural enterprises to the new Southwest, increasing sectional tensions over the institution of slavery and sparking a broad-scale debate about how to set national goals, priorities, and strategies. • Southern Americans want to move west…Southwest • It just so happens Mexico wanted to populate its region known as Texas. • Allowed for American’s to move in, and granted them land, under the terms they would convert to Catholicism, speak Spanish, and obey Spanish laws. • Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin, among others, move their families there.

TEXAS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OCTOBER 1835 The declaration mentions the following reasons for the separation: • Political rights to which the settlers had previously been accustomed, such as the right to keep and bear arms and the right to trial by jury, were denied. • No system of public education had been established. • The settlers were not allowed freedom of religion. • The 1829 Mexican abolition of slavery.

SLAVERY, A CAUSE? • The Mexican government had invited immigrants to Mexican Texas with the understanding that they would produce food crops, insisting upon production of corn, grain and beef. • Former American settlers found such micromanagement of the land use to be opposed to their economic interests in slavery. • They tended to ignore their contracts. • Cotton was in high demand throughout Europe and so a lucrative export throughout the southern United States. • Much of the land being opened up to Anglos in Mexican Texas well suited for cotton, but raising cotton was a labor intensive endeavor at the time, and many Texans thought that slave-labor was more profitable.

THE TEXAS QUESTION • Before they knew it, Mexico had more ‘Americans’ living in Texas than Tejanos. • The Americans in Texas decide to revolt from the Mexican government – here is where we see the Battle of the Alamo, which the Americans loose, but they go on to defeat Mexican General Santa Anna and gain their independence. • Should the US annex Texas? If we do, would it mean a full scale war with Mexico? Yes…so we just let them sit. This creates the Independent Republic of Texas and some very abandoned Texans. • Until we have a president who believes strongly in US Expansion.

PROVOKING WAR Read Pg 386 -394 & prepare a response to the following statement… Was our war with Mexico justified? Use evidence to support your claim

WILMOT PROVISO, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. David Wilmot Representative - D-PA

MEXICAN – AMERICAN WAR Enter President Polk. HUGE Expansionist and support of Manifest Destiny (which we will get to next period) Mexican – American war begins over Polk pushing limits of US/Mexico border by building a fort on very far western ‘US’ borders. Mexican-American war was a strong win for the US, with a final showdown and conquering of Mexico City.

RESULTS OF THE MEXICAN WAR? • The 17 -month war cost $100, 000 and 13, 000+ American lives (mostly of disease). • New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. • Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) • These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. • Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. • Manifest Destiny partially realized.

WAR WITH MEXICO - RESULTS Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico. This was known as the Mexican Cession and included present-day Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States The United States paid Mexico $15, 000 "in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States" and agreed to pay American citizens debts owed to them by the Mexican government protection of property and civil rights of Mexican nationals living within the new boundaries of the United States promise of the United States to police its boundaries compulsory arbitration of future disputes between the two countries

TREATY OF 1848 FOR OREGON • A campaign issue in 1844 – Again with expansionist President James K. Polk • Oregon was a jointly occupied territory between the US and Great Britain. • 54’ 40” or FIGHT! – Campaign slogan to try and conquer ALL of shared territory with GB. • Treaty in 1848 establishes the border at the 49 th Parallel but avoids another war with England.

1849 – TIME TO MOVE • Gold found in California, mad rush to CA by land sea. • Rapid population boom accounts for early statehood.

GADSDEN PURCHASE - 1854 • Wanted land because a RR could be built through it. Tracks are difficult further north with mountain ranges. • Purchased from Mexico for $10 Million by President Franklin Pierce and his Sec. of War Jefferson Davis

AROOSTOOK WAR 1839 THE ONLY WAR DECLARED BY A STATE • Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine. • Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials. • Congress called up 50, 000 men and voted for $10, 000 to pay for the “war. ” • General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

WHAT DO WE DO WITH THIS LAND? SLAVERY? NATIVES? With expanding borders came public debates about whether to expand how to define and use new territories Slave vs. Non –Slave debates grow. We will explore this further next Period. International Slave Trade was abolished in the United States in 1808 – before the Industrial Revolution. The natural growth of slavery was increasing and still alive and well in the south.

ESSAY PRACTICE How did westward migration cause political and social conflicts (both domestically and with foreign powers and Native Americans) and how did it affect the Native Americans?