Growing from Seed What is a seed matured
- Slides: 33
Growing from Seed
What is a seed? Ø matured ovule What is a fruit? Ø matured ovary What is the purpose of seeds? Ø variability of offspring Ø dispersal of offspring away from parent Ø survival of plant through difficult conditions
How is growing from seed different? Ø variability of seed-propagated plants Advantages? Ø easy Ø little equipment Ø lots of plants! Cotoneaster microphyllus Disadvantages? Ø variability! Ø viability Ø germination?
The purpose of flowering is to produce seeds Arbutus unedo ‘Compacta’ Araucaria araucana
Seed production is the goal! Annual Perennial Shrub Tree
Embryo: develops from union of egg and sperm Radicle: embryonic root Epicotyl/hypocotyl: embryonic shoot Endosperm: oil and carbohydrate storage Seed Coat: mostly dead, hard tissue Ø Protection from being crushed
Seed Dormancy Prevents germination under poor conditions Caused by: (1) hard seed coat (2) immature embryo (3) chemical inhibitors in seed and fruit Rosa rugosa
Dormancy is rare in domesticated species
Wild-collected seed may require pre-treatment
Overcoming Dormancy Ø Annual plants: temperature most important In other plants… Time (2): Ø Ø embryo maturity warm/cold/moisture Stratification (1, 3) Ø cold/moisture Scarification (1) Ilex sp. Ø breaking seed coat
Stratification Usually 60 -90 days Best at 35 -40 o. F, moist Protect from critters!
Always leave room to expand!
Scarification Artificially breaking down the seed coat Mechanical Hot water ØPut in ~200 o. F H 20 ØAllow to soak overnight ØSow soon, keep moist Mechanical scarification
Germination Conditions for germination: Light Ø Ø light requirement no light requirement Moisture Ø increase in seed size Temperature Ø varies widely Oxygen Øfrozen, Cotinus coggygria compacted, or waterlogged soil
Germination Occurs as the result of: Ø Ø Ø swelling of the endosperm rupture of seed coat by emerging root emergence of the shoot
Germination aids Hormonal Ø Gibberellic acid: GA 3 “Instant smoke”
Collecting Garden Seeds “hybrid” seed no good Time of ripeness Ø usually autumn Pick before the critters Ø Ø fleshy fruits “nut-like” seeds dry capsules conifers Clean and dry seed as soon as possible
Cleaning seeds Fruit may inhibit the germination process Sugar content of fruit Ø Inhibits H 2 O uptake Chemical inhibition Quince
Viability and storage Seeds with thin coats lose viability quickly Nut-like seeds lose viability quickly, too Ø Horsechestnut, oak, walnut Temperature: Ø Best is 30 -40 o. F Humidity: Ø Ø should be low store in sealed containers for long term
Seed Viability Test
Priming seed “convinces” seed that moisture conditions o. k. 4 hours is usually sufficient to imbibe seed Discard water Not beans/corn!
Seed media selection Ø Minimum 3” deep pot Ø Seeding density Annuals: Commercial mix Wild seed: 2 parts peat/coir 1 part perlite (grit) Ø Longer germination
Seed media selection Mosses and liverworts love moisture/acidity Growing under plastic or in shade is worse
Short germination time Ø pretreatment Seed covering Ø pumice or other grit
Light systems Ø Avoid incandescent Ø‘Cool white’ fluorescent Ø Hang lights low ØRemove covers after germination
Transplanting Annuals/perennials when large enough to handle Ø minimizes growth reduction Trees/shrubs/bulbs: less important Ø sow thinly, liquid feed, transplant after 2 -3 yrs? Ø handle by leaves Ø lift from under root Ø avoid “J” root Ø root pruning
Transplanting Planting depth: depends on growth habit Ø Ø Growing point at tip of stem Plants which form a rosette Tomato: below soil line Petunia: at soil line
Direct seeding When short season is not an issue Ø Ø or when row covers are added cool season: carrot, beet, pea, turnip Warm season crops Ø Ø beans, melons, corn soil temp 70 o. F Cover with grit
Resources OSU Extension Service Publications http: //extension. oregonstate. edu/catalog/ Ø Publications and Videos PNW 170 Propagating plants from seed FS 220 Collecting and storing seeds from your garden http: //extension. oregonstate. edu/answer. php#garden Ø click on “Gardening Hints”
Most complete reference for seed
Resources Practical woody plant propagation for nursery growers, B. Mac. Donald, Timber Press, 1986. Garden Flowers from seed, C. Lloyd and G. Rice, Timber Press, 1991. American Hort Society Plant propagation, A. Toogood, D. K. Press, 1999. The reference manual of woody plant propagation M. Dirr and C. Heuser, Timber Press, 2009
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