GROVER CLEVELAND 1885 1889 Democrat Lived 1837 1908

GROVER CLEVELAND 1885 -1889 Democrat Lived 1837 -1908 (71) VP - Thomas A Hendricks New Jersey “Public office is a public trust. ” AKA: “Big Steve” and “Uncle Jumbo”

I. Political Issues

A. (1) Election of 1884 VS. Grover Cleveland (Democrat) James Blaine (Republican)

1. 3 rd party Candidates a. Greenback Party: Benjamin F. Butler Prohibition Party: John St. John b. Neither of these parties received any electoral votes. c. Why are 3 rd parties important? Some third-party goals eventually become planks (important issues) in the platforms of the major parties. (2. )

REPUBLICAN Campaign of 1884

2. Republican Ticket a. Presidential nominee: James G. Blaine b. Vice-Presidential nominee: John A. Logan

c. Three-Way Split i. Stalwarts: Stalwarts supported Grant for a third term (remember, they were against civil service reform). ii. Half-Breeds: Half-Breeds moderate government reformers. Supported Blaine fully (He was considered the leader of the Half-breeds…)

iii. Mugwumps: (Indian word for “big chief”) -Opposed Blaine after the Mulligan Letters came out, which implicated him in graft from railroad interests. – Because of Blaine’s nomination, they gave their support to Cleveland (these republicans supported the Democratic candidate!!!! Aghhhh…)

d. Attack on Cleveland i. The campaigns of both parties turned from focus on issues of concern and more to personal morality. ii. Republicans ran with a story from the Buffalo Evening Telegraph that exposed a pre-marital affair and an illegitimate child of Cleveland.

The Republican chant: “Ma, Ma…where’s my pa? Going to the White House, ha… ha…!”

DEMOCRATIC Campaign of 1884

3. Democratic Ticket a. Presidential Nominee: Grover Cleveland b. Vice Presidential Nominee: Thomas Hendricks (Died in his sleep in 1885 - no known cause Other than being 66 yrs old way back in 1885!!!)

c. Attack on Blaine i. Democrats ran with the charges of graft against Blaine ii. The Democratic chant: “Blaine, James G. Blaine! Continental liar from the state of Maine!”

Blaine was a Half-Breed Republican who was for Civil Service reform; however, because of business corruption, he lost a lot of Republican support (Mugwumps) to Cleveland. Blaine in 1884

(1) Election results Cleveland wins with 219 electoral votes.

B. Cleveland’s First Term 1. First Democratic elected since 1856. 2. Cleveland ended fraudulent grants to some 80 million acres of Western public lands. (rememberthey had to live on and farm the land? ? ) 3. Vetoed hundreds of pension bills that would have sent federal funds to undeserving Civil War vets.

“Public money appropriated for pensions. . . should be devoted to the indemnification of those who in the defense of the Union and in the nation’s service have worthily suffered, and who in the day of their dependence resulting from such suffering are entitled to the benefactions of their Government. ” - Cleveland

4. Major Legislation: a. Presidential Succession Act (1886): Provided that on the death, incapacity, or resignation of both the president and vice-president, the line of succession to the presidency would fall to the cabinet in chronological order of the creation of each department. – Why do you think this was passed? ? – Will be replaced by PSA of 1947 and the 25 th Amendment (1964)

Growing Labor Movement Issues The Knights of Labor had been a strong early labor unionremember, they let almost anyone in… (men, women. Black, white, skilled. Unskilled). . They will not last long

(4)Haymarket Square Riot- (1886) Tuesday May 4, 1886 in Chicago, it began as a rally, a peaceful public meeting in support of Striking workers. which became violent. An unknown person threw a bomb at police as they marched to disperse the meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and an unknown number of civilians. 8 anarchists were tried for murder. 4 were put to death, and 1 committed suicide in prison. The EFFECT? This bad media attention hurt the Knights Of Labor membership- causing their downfall.

(5) American Federation of Labor • It was founded in Columbus, Ohio in 1886 by Samuel Gompers • The AFL stressed foremost the concern with working conditions, pay and control over jobs, relegating political goals to a minor role • The AFL organized only skilled workers in craft unions and became an organization of mostly white men. They used STRIKES to get their way

II. Economic issues

A. Major Economic Legislation (7)Wabash v. Illinois (1886): Supreme Court reversed its Munn v. Illinois decision, ruling that state governments could not regulate RRs…. Who do you assume this will hurt? ?

2. (8)Interstate Commerce Act (1887): created the Interstate Commerce Commission (the first regulatory agency) to regulate interstate railroad rates. a. Ensured that rates ($) were “fair and just” b. Put an end to rebates c. **Problem** It Lacked enforcement power- if someone broke the new law there was nothing anyone could do…

B. Tariff Issue 1. After the Civil War, Congress raised tariffs to protect new US industries. 2. Big business wanted to continue this; consumers did not. 3. 1885 tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus! 4. Tariffs were a major issue in the 1888 presidential election!

• The railroad made it (12) Railroad’s possible for more settlers to move to Effect on Native the west, which Americans… killed off more of the buffalo herds, and forced more native Americans onto reservationsbecause their main LIFE SOURCE was gone…

III. Social issues

A. Minority Issues 1. African Americans a. Believing African Americans were inferior, he opposed integrated schools in New York. b. In believing that government should not interfere with what he regarded as a social problem, he opposed efforts to protect the suffrage of African Americans.

2. Chinese a. He worked to limit Chinese immigration and to prohibit those who had left the United States to visit relatives in China from returning. b. The principal difference between Chinese and European immigrants, he believed, was the Chinese immigrants’ unwillingness to assimilate into American society.

b. (9) Dawes Severalty Act (1887): i. Provided for the breakup of reservations, distributing 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land to those Indians agreeing to the Act’s terms. TO ASSIMILATE THEM!! ii. The Indians would become U. S. citizens after 25 years. iii. Leftover land would be sold to other U. S. citizens and RR companies. This led to the loss of much of the “Native Americans’” land.

3. Native Americans a. In Cleveland's view, the Native Americans were wards of the nation, like wayward but promising children in need of a guardian. b. He sought to assimilate them into white society by means of education, private land ownership, and parental guidance from the federal government.

• 160 acres to Native Americans on reservations… they had to farm it and after 25 years they could become citizens of the US Dawes Act

4. Women begin a fight for the right to vote This cartoon shows Susan B. Anthony chasing after President Grover Cleveland in her fight for women's right to vote

(14) The Statue of Liberty 1. Located in NYC’s harbor , on Staten Island this gift of friendship from France serves as a welcome to Immigrants at Ellis island is a universal Symbol of freedom and democracy. 2. It was dedicated on Oct. 28, 1886.

(3) Mark Twain’s Huck Finn was published (1885) Contemporary critics and scholars have treated it as one of the greatest American works of art. A book about life in the “West” (which was only as far west as the Mississippi River at this time!!!)

(11) February 22, 1889: Cleveland signed a bill that turned the territories of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington into states. Bringing the United States to 41 states (b/c of the Northern Pacific RR)

He was born in 1829 in what is today western New Mexico, but was then still Mexican territory. One of the most pivotal moments in Geronimo's life was in 1858 when he returned home from a trading excursion into Mexico. He found his wife, his mother and his three young children murdered by Spanish troops from Mexico. This reportedly caused him to have such a hatred of the whites that he vowed to kill as many as he could. In 1875 all Apaches west of the Rio Grande were ordered to the San Carlos Reservation. Geronimo escaped from the reservation three times and although he surrendered, he always managed to avoid Geronimo's final surrender in 1886 was the last significant Indian guerrilla action in the United States. Geronimo died on capture. (6) Feb. 17, 1909, a prisoner of war, unable to return to his homeland. (6) Geronimo ("one who yawns"),

(13) The Flatiron Building was one of New York City's first skyscrapers • The "invention" of the skyscraper lies with George A. Fuller (1851 -1900). • The steel industry built by the Bessemer process and Andrew Carnegie's monopolization, helped cities grow “up” instead of “out” • Combining several innovations: steel structure, elevators, central heating, electrical plumbing pumps and the telephone, skyscrapers came to dominate American skylines at the turn of the century.

(10) Pearl Harbor, Hawaii A simple harbor on the island of O’ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep water naval base: Headquarters of the U. S. Pacific Fleet. Good Trade location and military position

C. Looking Backward 1. Written by Edward Bellamy in 1887; published the next year. 2. Tells the story of a man who traveled in time from 1887 to 2000, finding that in the future, America was a Socialist country. *What was 2000 really like?

***Fun Facts *** • 1885 - Dr. Pepper introduced • Coca-Cola was advertised for the first time, claiming to cure anything from hysteria to the common cold! • Grover Cleveland's 1 st daughter died at age 12 of diphtheria and is supposedly the namesake of the “Baby Ruth” candy bar!!!