Groups Organizations Introduction to Psychology Social Groups n

Social Groups n n n “Two or more people who identify & interact with

Primary Groups & Secondary Groups Primary Group: n “It is a small social group

Primary Groups & Secondary Groups: n “large & impersonal social group whose members pursue

Group Leadership Two leadership roles: n Instrumental leadership: emphasize the completion of tasks. n

Group Leadership Three Leadership styles: Authoritarian Leadership: n Take personal charge of decision making,

Group Conformity n n n “Voluntarily yielding to groups norms, even at the expense

n n n Reference group: A social group that serve as a point of

Group Size n Size play an important role in group members interaction. The Dyad:

Group Dynamics n n n Peter Blau (1977) Large groups turns inward Heterogeneous group

Network n n “A web of weak social ties” Some people have denser network

Formal Organizations n n n “Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently”.

Bureaucracy n n n n “Organizational model rationally design to perform tasks efficiently”. Ideal

Problems of Bureaucracy n Flaws in bureaucracy: 1 - Limited flexibility , slow decision

Organizational Environment n n n “Factors outside the organization that effects its operations” Technology

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Groups & Organizations Introduction to Psychology

Social Groups n n n “Two or more people who identify & interact with one & other”. It is made up of people with shared experiences & interests. Not every collection of individuals can called a group, (like women, shopkeepers, etc) this is just a category not a group. 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 2

Primary Groups & Secondary Groups Primary Group: n “It is a small social group whose members share personal & enduring relationship” n Personal orientation n Long term duration n Relations involve many activities n As end in themselves n Example: family, friends 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 3

Primary Groups & Secondary Groups: n “large & impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity” n Goal orientation n Often short term duration n Relations involve few activities n As mean to an end n Example: co-workers, political organizations 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 4

Group Leadership Two leadership roles: n Instrumental leadership: emphasize the completion of tasks. n Expressive Leadership: focus on collective well-being. 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 5

Group Leadership Three Leadership styles: Authoritarian Leadership: n Take personal charge of decision making, Demand strict compliance from subordinates. Good style in handling crises Democratic Leadership: n More expressive, include everyone in decision making Laissez- faire Leadership: n Function more or less alone 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 6

Group Conformity n n n “Voluntarily yielding to groups norms, even at the expense of one’s preferences”. Asch’s & Milgram’s Research Groupthink A B C 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 7

n n n Reference group: A social group that serve as a point of reference in making evaluations & decisions. In-group: A social group commanding a members esteem & loyalty. Out-group: A social group toward which one feels competition or opposition. 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 8

Group Size n Size play an important role in group members interaction. The Dyad: social group with two members n Social interaction in Dyad is more intense & un stable The Triad: social group with three members n More stable than dyad n “Two’s company three’s a crowd” 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 9

Group Dynamics n n n Peter Blau (1977) Large groups turns inward Heterogeneous group turn outward Social equality promotes contact Physical boundaries create social boundaries 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 10

Network n n “A web of weak social ties” Some people have denser network than others. Network ties may be weak but they are can be a power full resource. Gender too shapes networks. 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 11

Formal Organizations n n n “Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently”. Formal organizations not operate to meet personal needs but to accomplished complex tasks. Types of formal organizations: Utilitarian organizations: where people work and get money. like all business organizations. Normative organizations: where people pursue their morally worthwhile goals. like political parties, religious organizations, clubs, associations, etc. . Coercive organizations: people are force to join these organizations as a form of punishment or treatment. Like prisons, total institutions. 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 12

Bureaucracy n n n n “Organizational model rationally design to perform tasks efficiently”. Ideal bureaucracy has following characteristics: Specialization Hierarchy Rule & regulations Technical competence Impersonality Formal written communication 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 13

Problems of Bureaucracy n Flaws in bureaucracy: 1 - Limited flexibility , slow decision making & bureaucratic ritualism results in inefficiency. 2 - Ignores importance of people and interpersonal relationships, dehumanize. 3 - Bureaucratic Inertia, Difficult to dismantle once established 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 14

Organizational Environment n n n “Factors outside the organization that effects its operations” Technology Economic & political trends Current events Available work force Other organizations 31 -12 -09 “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir 15