Group 2 Pages 221 238 Presented By Tawnya

Group 2 Pages 221 -238 Presented By: Tawnya Chomiak, Ken Conrad, Jamie Brown, Eric Brodie, and Yual Chiek

Immigration and Colonization • 1862 Bureau became a separate department Policy of economical land • 1854 immigration decrease to the St. Lawrence region • Competition for settlers increases

British effort in the Maritimes • 1713 -63 English mercantile policy expanded in Maritimes • 1749 Halifax founded for military defense • End of Civil was English loyalists move to Acadia • With the loss of the 13 colonies, Britain believed that Nova Scotia could supply the West Indies

1783 • Shift from increasing settlement to more intensive use of resources • Funding of Loyalists to settle St. John River valley • Profitable activities were non-agricultural (fishing, lumbering, trapping) 1805 • Bread-Corn Bounty enacted to encourage agricultural settlement

1815 • End of European and American Wars resulting in the end of Bread-Corn Bounty 1818 • Series of letters from Agricola result in formation of a Central Board of Agriculture (the CBA did little to improve the agriculture situation) 1820 • Emigrant Aid and Agricultural Society movement began 1826 • End of CBA

1826 – 1841 • Prosperity 1841 • New CBA formed, local societies abundant 1859 • Central Agricultural Society created 1885 • CBA abolished and replaced by a Secretary of Agriculture

Maritimes Agriculture - -Approaching confederation maritime focused on husbandry - -Land conditions were more suited to livestock than agriculture - - Prince Edward Island was only maritime province considered agricultural land prior to confederation - - Famous fore horses, hay, oats, sheep, beef, pork and bacons, - -Provided breeding stock for other colonies

• - PEI had no choice but to develop agriculture because there were no other resources • - Domestic stalemate in representation in the Canada's and the increase of reluctance of the imperial government to maintain the burden of colonial defense • - Need existed to create union • - Needed to be national economy because two other alternatives had disappeared a) imperial economic system b) continental economic integration due to removal of British economic reciprocity in 1854 and 1866

• - Also intensified by success of Americans and confederation provided way to withstand pressure from the south - Needed some policies to create economic unit in British North America

National Policy • - National policy was formula for creation of nation • - System of tariffs were central to the policy • - National Policy generally refers specifically to the system of tariffs • - The national policy is more encompassing and included additional components • - Tariffs were for protection of economy as well as a source of revenue • - The national policy predated national government

• - Required a) national constitution= British North America Act of 1867 • -BNA allowed for removal of trade barriers between colonies= means to complete an intercontinental railway by national government • -Transformation required new areas of resources to be used to promote the economy; direction towards Rupert’s Land Pacific colonies even before Confederation • Could be pursued by presence of national government= could easily obtain ownership and provide transportation facilities

• - Needed western land settlement • - Arable land could be used to attract immigrant to bring in revenue for railway-building • - System of protective tariffs necessary to complete transformation • - Economic objective was to create new frontier of investment opportunities for commercial and financial interests in St. Lawrence area. • - Interests thought of investment in terms of largescale agricultural settlement and immigration • - Dependent on many factors one of is the extent of the agricultural economy that is being created

Effectiveness of nation Policy • a) 1900 to 1930 4. 5 million immigrants came to Canada 3 times as many as came in the past 50 years; doubling population to 10 377 000 • b) 1901 8% of pop. lived on prairies, 1931 almost ¼ lived there, prairie pop. increased five fold to 2 354 000 • c) farms increased sevenfold to 300 000 farms, acreage improved to 60 million acres

• d) wheat went from 25 million acres and by 1920 wheat became most valuable Canadian export ex. 1901 was < $10 million and 1929= $496 million • -Before agricultural settlement could begin and be successful certain criteria had to be met. a) North West Territories had to be acquired from Hudson Bay Company • - June 22 1869 measure passed by Canadian Parliament to arrange acquisition of Rupert’s land the NWT and provide government for the region. • -Transfer of Rupert’s land was arranged from the company to the Queen arranged between company and the imperial government

• - Finally finished with re-transfer from the Queen to the Dominion of Canada by Dec. 1, 1869 • - Summer of 1869 Dominion sent survey parties to locate the meridian line 98 degrees which was to be basis of future survey • - They surveyed over Metis lots which caused the Red River Rebellion and caused the transfer to be delayed until 1870 • - Many of the settler’s demands were granted by the Manitoba Act of 1870, one major exception was control of material resources.

• - June 8, 1870 the company surrendered it’s charter to the Crown and all of the NWT was transferred to the Dominion of Canada • - Terms of transfer were that HBC was to receive 300 000 pounds, 1/20 of the fertile belt plus 50 000 acres around trading post • - Second criteria was a sure product to support settlement and that could be marketed profitably • Needed a fast maturing wheat; 1870’s Red Fife was developed in Ontario it matured in 115 -125 days, 1904 Marquis was developed by Dr. Saunders at Indian Head matured in 114 days. In 1920’s Garnet was developed to mature in 100 days

• - Third requirement for development of western lands was to construct transportation and communication facilities • -Even though steam boats existed this requirement was not met until completion of the CPR in 1885 • Last requirement was a system of land survey and land grants

Western Canadian Land Policy • - Developed to meet two critical needs; pay for the construction of railroads and purchase of lands while encouraging settlement, thus an effective land grant system and survey was vital • - Survey was relatively simple because it was technical while the land grant system was more complex because it was a political matter; many attempts were made before it worked properly

Survey System in Western Canada • - Based on the American system but improved upon because Canada's learned from American mistakes • - Included formation of blocks of 36 sections called townships • - Each section contained 640 acres plus 40 acres for roads 66` wide

Land grants • Metis Grant – Dominion provided 1 400 000 acres for families of Metis residents – 1874 issued scrip of $160 toward the purchase of Dominion lands to heads of Metis families

Railway land grants • At first provided 50 million acres grant, 20 miles deep and 6 -12 miles wide on each side. Resulted in 40 mile belt. • 1873 CPR Pacific Scandal • 1878 railway complete to Winnipeg • 1879 offering a grant of 100 m acres for building railroad

• 1881 - new CPR syndicate formed – The CPR received less land, it would gain in traffic what it lost in land sales • 1885 CPR was complete. – The only railway that has never gone broke • About 12 companies got land grants averaging about 1 000 acres each. Eventually 6 became absorbed by CPR.

School land grants • 1872 – Domination Lands Act provided land grants to fund schools and education • Eastern Canada had poor administration of school land grants • The average price for school land: Manitoba $9. 79, Saskatchewan $16. 85, and Alberta $14. 40 • The net proceeds to the Prairie Provinces from sale of school lands from 1870 to 1930 was $65 555 268.

Free Homestead Legislation • 1872 – Dominion Lands Act granted 160 acre homesteads – The farmer had to settle on a quarter and pay a fee of $10; in the 1 st year had to break 10 acres; in the 2 nd year he hand to seed those 10 acres and break 15 more; and in the 3 rd year, the previously broken 25 acres had to be seeded and 15 more had to broken

Odd-numbered sections in the belts A through E A – 10 miles B – 15 miles C – 20 miles D – 20 miles E – 50 miles @$6 acre @$5 @$3. 50 @$2 @$1

• Eventually even-numbered land section were opened. It was discovered that the CPR would make more from the traffic of rapid settlement • CPR grants were sold at a low-price. CPR $7. 63 VS Hudson Bay Co. $12. 10 • With the opening of the even-numbered sections farms were not a land locked. • 1908 all railroad grants were liquidated and the remaining lands were thrown open for homesteads. This shows that the homestead system worked.

Preemption and Purchased Homesteads • Policy decisions were made in Ottawa by people who knew little about agriculture in western Canada • Some areas of 160 acres could not maintain a family • To solve preemption was permitted • If successful with the 1 st 160 acres another 160 acres would be granted at a price of $1 -3/acre

• 1908 –Preemption was restricted to an area in width from Calgary to Moose Jaw and in depth from North Battleford to the US border - Priced at $3 acre for an adjoining quarter • 1930 –homestead system came to a close, total homesteaded acres were 58 million

Major Effects of Land Policy • 1) Immediate overpopulation in certain areas of the prairies were out-migration was needed • 2) Rapid settlement lead to labor shortages • 3) Some area was undeveloped, and other area were cultivated in unsuitable areas

Conclusion • The delay in agriculture created an environment suitable for the expansion of government, in areas beyond land policy

Discussion/ Questions