Ground Water 1 2 Rounded Sediment Best Permeability

Ground Water 1

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Rounded Sediment Best Permeability! Water is able to easily infiltrate and permeate quickest when large, rounded sediments are present. Size and shape matter! 3

Smaller rounded sediment Good Permeability! Water is able to infiltrate and permeate smaller sized, rounded sediments, though not as quickly as with the larger sediments in the previous slide. Size matters when it comes to permeability! 4

Mixed size and shape • Poor Permeability! Water does not easily infiltrate and permeate a mixture of rounded angled sediments. 5

Different size and shape sediment • Poor Permeability! Water does not easily infiltrate and permeate a mixture of angled sediments. This is true whether the angled sediments are the same size or a mixture of different sizes. 6

Grain size 7

Rounded sediment larger size Good Porosity! Sediments that are rounded naturally create larger pore spaces between each particle. Pore spaces hold water. The storing of water makes sediment porous 8

Rounded sediment smaller size Good Porosity! Maximum Porosity occurs when sediments are rounded. Size does not matter but shape does! Round is best! The porosity of this sample and the on the last slide are the same. 9

Angled sediment mixed size Poor Porosity! Sediments that are angled, jagged and irregular in shape do not allow for ample pore spaces between each particle. Therefore, soil made up of such a mix of sediments would not be porous and would not be suited for water storage. 10

• Capillarity – the ability of water to travel up narrow spaces – The smaller the sediment(particle) size the greater the capillarity. • As sediment(particle) size increases capillarity decreases. • Retention – the ability for soil to hold water – The smaller sediment(particle) size the greater the retention. • As sediment(particle) size increases, retention decreases. • What is the relationship between water retention in soil and soil permeability? 11

Capillarity Best Capillarity! Fair Capillarity! Maximum Capillarity does occur 12

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WELL SORTED POORLY SORTED Coarse (sand-gravel) Coarse - Fine WELL SORTED Fine (silt-clay) Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity High Low Sorting of material affects groundwater movement. Poorly sorted (well graded) material is less porous than well-sorted material. 142003 S. Hughes,

Run off • Water flow along the surface. – What will cause runoff to increase and decrease? 15

The Water Cycle and Climates Water continuously circulates between the hydrosphere (oceans), atmosphere (troposphere), and the lithosphere (land). 16

When precipitation falls to the Earth, 4 things can happen to it: 1. 2. 3. 4. Evapotranspiration – water is returned to the atmosphere as vapor. Infiltration – water soaks into the ground to the water table. Runoff – water flows on the surface of the Earth (no infiltration). Storage – water is stored on the surface in the form of snow/ice. 5 factors that influence how water infiltrates into the ground: 1. Slope of the land – (steepness of gradient) 2. Ground saturation – (how much water the ground is already holding) 3. Porosity of the ground – (% open space between grains in rock/ground) 4. Permeability of the ground – (speed that water infiltrates the ground) 5. Capillarity of the ground – (the upward movement of water from below)

Porosity Round particles have more porosity than flat. Loosely packed particles have more porosity. More sorted particles have a higher porosity. Most porous? ______ Least porous? ______ 18

Permeability Smaller particles have a low permeability. This is because there is less space between particles, which causes a lower porosity, which makes water travel slower through the ground. Capillarity Smaller particles have a higher capillarity. This is because there is less space between the particles, which allows them to be in closer contact. Water can cling easier to particles that are in closer contact. 19

An entire geographic area that drains into one larger body of water. 20

Water Table 21

Aquifers • Aquifer: body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. – Examples: Sandstone, conglomerate, well-fractured limestone, bodies of sand gravel 22

Changes in Water Table with Rainfall 23

Artesian Well Controls 24

Sources of Ground Water Pollution • Pesticides • Household garbage and improperly installed or maintained septic systems – Landfills • Animal waste • Industrial toxic waste 25

Animal Waste 26

Industrial Toxic Waste 27

Landfill’s Impact on Ground Water Quality 28

Industrial Pollution 29