Gregorian Chant and its Notations Locating the Chant

Gregorian Chant and its Notations – Locating the Chant – Reading the Chant – Transcripting the Chant

Locating the Chant ¨ The Calendar – Temporale – Sanctorale ¨ The Liturgy – Office – Mass

The Calendar ¨ The Temporale ¨ The Sanctorale

The Liturgy: The Office ¨ Divine Office ¨ Ora et labora – Matins, about 3 a. m. ¨ The sanctification – Lauds, at daybreak of the time – Prime, at 6 a. m. – Terce, at 9 a. m. – Sext, at noon – None, at 3 p. m. – Vespers, at twilight – Compline, before bedtime

The Liturgy: The Mass Proper chants (7 th-8 th c. ) 1. Introitus Ordinary chants (9 th c. ) 2. Kyrie 3. Gloria 6. Graduale 7. Alleluia Prayers and readings (4 th c. ) I. liturgy of the Word 4. Collect 5. Epistle 8. Gospel 9. Credo II. liturgy of the Eucharist 1. Offertorium 3. Sanctus/ Benedictus 2. Preface 4. Eucharistic prayer 5. Pater noster 6. Agnus Dei 7. Communio 9. Ite missa est/ benedicamus 8. Post-communion

The Liturgy: The Mass ¨ Proper chants – Introitus ¨ Ordinary chants – Kyrie – Gloria – Graduale – Alleluia – Credo – Offertorium – Sanctus-Benedictus – Agnus Dei – Communio

Reading the Chant ¨ The Books – Graduale (Mass Chant) – Antiphonale (Office Chant) ¨ Modern Tools – AMS – CAO ¨ Modern Books

The Books & Modern Tools ¨ The Mass – Graduale – Antiphonale Missarum Sextuplex • René-Jean Hesbert's incipit edition of 6 early sources of mass chants (1935) – Cantus-Planus (1990 s) ¨ The Office – Antiphonale – Corpus Antiphonalium Officii • Hesbert's full text edition of 12 early sources of office chants (1963 -75) – CANTUS (1980 s–) – CAO-ECE (1988–)

Modern Books ¨ Paléographie musicale (Solesmes 1889 -) Facsimile series ¨ Graduale Romanum (Solesmes 1908) – Graduale Triplex (1979) – Beiträge zur Gregorianik since 21 (1996) ¨ Antiphonale Monasticum (Solesmes 1934) – Psalterium monasticum (1981) – Liber hymnarius cum invitatoriis & aliquibus responsoriis (1982) ¨ Liber usualis (Solesmes 1896 -)

St. Peter in Solesmes: A Benedictine abbey, it was the centre of the revival of Gregorian chant in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. A priory existed at Solesmes from 1010 to 1791; in 1833 Dom Prosper Gueranger (1805– 75) revived Benedictine life there (cf. Peter Wagner, BGr)

Private Collection (MS du Mont. Renaud). Gradual and antiphoner from northern France. Text probably written in mid-10 th century, neumes added late 10 th or early 11 th century (Pal. Mus 16 [1955]).

Graduale Triplex (1979)

Transcription ¨ Neumes Notation – in campo aperto – adiastematic – non metrical St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, 359. Cantatorium from St Gallen; dated very early 10 th century (before 920). Neumatic notation with significative letters. Cantatorium contains only the soloists’ chants: graduals, alleluias and tracts (Pal. Mus 2 nd ser. , 2 [1924]).

¨ The Notation – adiastematic – diastematic • gothic • roman/modern since 13 th C. ¨ The Words – Carmina scripturarum (1907) – On-line Bibles

Excursus: Chant Repertories The legend of Pope Gregory the Great depicted in the Hartker Antiphoner St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, 390– 91 (“Hartker Antiphoner”). Antiphoner and tonary copied by Hartker, monk of St Gallen; dated 980– 1011. Neumes with significative letters.

Centres of Scholar cantorum and Scriptorium

¨ Western Chant Repertories – Mozarabic (Old Spanish) – Gallican – Gregorian (Frankish-Roman) • West-Frankish • East-Frankish – Old Roman (Urban-Roman) – Ambrosian (Milanese) – Beneventan – Ravenna – Aquileia ¨ Eastern Chant Repertories – Byzantine – Syrian – Coptic (Ancient Egyptian) – Georgian – Armenian – Ethiopian – Russian/Slavonic

Basic Literature – Crocker, Richard L. An Introduction to Gregorian Chant. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. – Crocker, Richard L. , and David Hiley. The Early Middle Ages to 1300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. – Harper, John. The Forms and Orders of Western Liturgy from the 10 th to the 18 th Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. – Hiley, David. Western Plainchant : A Handbook. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993. – Hughes, Andrew. Medieval Manuscripts for Mass and Office : A Guide to Their Organization and Terminology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982. – Treitler, Leo. With Voice and Pen : Coming to Know Medieval Song and How It Was Made. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003